costs, upon his taking oath, after he has been confined. thirty days, that he is unable to pay.

United States Debt. (See Debt of United States.) United States Flag. (See Flag of the United States.) United States Military Academy at West Point is an academy established for the purpose of training officers for the army. Every Representative and every Territorial Delegate is entitled to appoint a cadet, provided the appointment made by his predecessors has expired. Beside this, there are ten appointments at large and one for the District of Columbia, these latter being made by the President. Congressmen frequently offer the appointments as the reward of a competitive examination. The course con

tinues for four years, and on graduation the cadets are commissioned second lieutenants in the army. The academy was established by Act of Congress of March 16, 1802. Subsequent laws have made it subject to the articles of war. The discipline is very strict. The superintendent and the instructors are all officers of the regular army.

United States Naval Academy was established in 1845 by act of Congress, for the purpose of educating young men as naval officers. One cadet is appointed by each member of the House of Representatives and by each Territorial Delegate, provided previous appointments for the district have expired; in addition, there is one cadet for the District of Columbia and ten at large. These eleven are named by the President. Many Congressmen now adopt the plan of offering the cadetship to the successful candidate in a competitive examination. Candidates must be between fourteen and eighteen years of age, in good physical condition and actual residents of the district from which they are named. The course lasts six years, the last two being spent at sea. The advisability of reducing the course to four years is being agitated at present, as, it is asserted, the cadets learn nothing new of any importance on the cruises. Vacancies in the marine corps, the line and the engineer service of the navy are filled by selecting the best graduates of the academy. The pay of a cadet is five hundred dollars a year. Cadets not assigned to service receive one year's sea pay and an honorable discharge. The outbreak of the Civil War caused

the removal of the academy to Newport, Rhode Island, but in 1865 it was moved back to Annapolis. The academy is under the charge of an officer of the navy.

United States Notes. Same as Legal Tender Notes. (See Currency.)

United States, Seal of the. The first device for a seal of the United States was prepared under the direction of Benjamin Franklin, John Quincy Adams, and Thomas Jefferson, who had been appointed a committee for that purpose, July 14, 1776. On one side of the design offered. were the Goddesses of Liberty and Justice, and around them were grouped the arms of all the European nations; on the other side were: above, the pillar of fire, and, below, Pharaoh and his chariots overthrown in the Red Sea. This design, however, was not approved, and it was not until 1782 that a final decision in regard to the matter was reached. In that year a committee who had been appointed by Congress submitted a design drawn by William Barton of Philadelphia, which, on June 20th, was approved and finally adopted as the Great Seal of the United States. The obverse of this was the device familiar to all, of an eagle bearing on his breast the national escutcheon, holding in his right talon an olive branch, and in his left a bunch of thirteen arrows. Above his head were thirteen stars surrounded by a halo of glory, and a scroll bearing the legend "E Pluribus Unum." The escutcheon was placed upon the breast of the eagle without other support, to show that the United States of America would rely mainly upon their own strength and virtue. The olive branch and arrows were to indicate that the powers of peace and war were vested in Congress. On the reverse side was an unfinished pyramid; above it an eye and the words "Annuit Coeptis," and beneath it "1776-Novus Ordo Seculorum." The pyramid was used to signify strength and duration, and was left unfinished to indicate that the great work of building the structure of human liberty was not completed. The motto "Annuit Coeptis" and the eye were meant to allude to the many interferences of Providence in favor of the American cause. The date of the Declaration of Independence and the words "Novus Ordo Seculorum" ("A new series of ages") allude to the open

ing of a new era of human progress and freedom. The thirteen bars on the shield typified the States, and the constellation of stars denoted that a new nation was to take its place among the sovereign powers of the world. After the ratification of the Constitution this seal was again formally accepted, September 15, 1789, and on March 2, 1799, its custody was transferred to the Secretary of State. In 1841 the old seal was found to be so worn that a new one was made by order of Daniel Webster, in which, for some unknown cause, the number of arrows in the eagle's talon was reduced to six, and the regular width of the stripes on the shield was altered. From its adoption half of the seal has done duty for the whole, as the reverse side has never been engraved for the purposes of the government.

United We Stand, Divided We Fall. The motto of the State of Kentucky.

Unit Rule is the practice followed in Democratic National Conventions, of allowing the majority of a State delegation to determine the vote of the State as a Unit. An attempt was made to introduce it into the Republican National Convention of 1880, in the interest of General Grant's nomination. He had previously served two terms. The State Conventions of New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois had instructed their delegations (being the first, second and fourth in point of size) to vote for Grant. The attempt was unsuccessful. In the Democratic National Convention of 1884, a large minority of the New York delegation was opposed to the nomination of Cleveland, the choice of the majority, and an attempt was made to break the unit rule, for the purpose of defeating him. But this attempt was unsuccessful.

Unpleasantness, The Late, or Recent. (See Late Unpleasantness, The.)

Unreconstructed is an adjective applied to those Southerners that have not yet reconciled themselves to the results of the Civil War. The re-admission into the Union of the seceded States was called Reconstruction.

Utah, originally a part of the region acquired by the Mexican Session (see Annexations IV), was organized as a Territory of the United States by Act of September 9, 1850. It included land which has since been cut off and

added to Nevada, Wyoming and Colorado. The capital is Salt Lake City. The population in 1890 was 207,905, and in 1900, 276,749. It is often called Deseret, "the land of the honey-bee." The preponderance of Mormons in its population delayed its admission as a State until January 4, 1896, when it entered the Union. (See Mormons.) Ute War. (See Indian Wars.)

Valuation. (See Foreign Valuation; Home Valuation.) Van Buren, Martin, was born at Kinderhook, New York, December 5, 1782, and died at the same place July 24, 1862. By profession he was a lawyer; he was State Senator from 1813 to 1820, and United States Senator from 1821 to 1828; in 1829 he was Governor of the State, and 1829 to 1831 Secretary of State of the United States, and Minister to England, 1831 to 1832; the Senate rejected this last nomination and he returned home; from 1833 to 1837 he was Vice-President, and from 1837 to 1841, President. Although nominated for a second term he was defeated. In 1844 he was a candidate for nomination, but his party (the Democratic) named Polk. In 1848 he was nominated for President by the Free Soil Party, and his candidacy drew sufficient votes from Cass, the Democratic nominee, to defeat him. As a politician Van Buren was one of the shrewdest of his time, and an excellent party manager. He and his followers were the first to bring to Washington the crafty methods of New York politics, of which the present party machines are the outgrowth. He was Jackson's choice as the latter's successor, and belonged to the Barnburner faction of his party. The most important events of his administration were the panic of 1837 and the Canadian Rebellion.

Vermont was originally part of the colony of New York, though also claimed by New Hampshire. A convention declared it independent of both of these in 1777. Its separate existence was not formally admitted by New York till 1790. By act of Congress of February 18, 1791, to take effect on the following 4th of March, Vermont was admitted to the Union-the first State after the original thirteen. The capital is Montpelier. Its name is of French origin, and means "green mountain"; popularly It is known