h

tions. In this category are also the learned ethnological works of Dr. S. G. Morton, of Philadelphia, from 1840 to 1850.

1839.-Beitrage zur Kentniss des Russian Reichs, und der angranzanden Lander Asies, by K. E. Von Bar and G. Von Helmersen, in several volumes, from 1839 et sig.

1840.-Notes on the Islands of the district of Unalaska, &c., in 3 vols. 8vo, 1840. Also notes on the Koloschon and other Russian American Indian tribes and their languages, in 1 vol., 8vo, 1846, by the Greek Priest Jvan Veniaminov, (in Russian,) both published in St. Petersburg. W. Schott also published some philological papers on the Koloschon language, in Erman's archives, Berlin, 3d vol., 1843

1843-Voyage of the Sulphur to the North Pacific, &c., in 1837-1841, under Sir Edward Belcher, R. N., (now admiral.) In 2 vols., 8vo, 1840. The zoology of the expedition, in quarto, was published in 1843-45. These accounts relate largely to Russian America. They are government works.

&c., in 1840-43. By Duflot de Paris, 1844. Government work.

1844. Explorations, &c., in the two Californias, &c., Mofras. In 3 vols., 8vo, with volume of atlas and plates. Contains notices of Alaska and its trade, Indians, &c. 1844.-Anales de la Philosophie Chretiene. Vol. 15 and others. Contains papers of M. Prevaney on the ethnological connections of Alaska and Mexico by the Mongolian races. 1845.--Overland Journey Round the World, &c. By Sir George Simpson, governor of the Hudson Bay territories in 1841-42. In 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1845. Also in New York. 1845.-Exploring Expedition Round the World, in the Vincennes and other government vessels of the United States, in 1838-42, under Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, (now admiral U. S. N.) In 5 vols., imperial octavo. Government work, 1845. Plates, maps, charts, and plans. Some 40 volumes altogether were published on the results of this expedition, many of which contain more or less valuable of scientific matter on Alaska. A number of the officers of the expedition afterwards served in California from 1846 to 1867.

1846.-L'Oregon et les Cotes du Norde Pacifique, &c. By M. Felix. With map; 1 vol., 8vo. Paris, 1846.

1846.-Ethnology and Philology of Wilkes's Exploring Expedition. By Horatio Hale. 1 vol., quarto. Philadelphia, 1846.

1847-History of Oregon, California, and the North Pacific Coasts. By Robert W. Greenhow. 1 vol., 8vo, 4th ed., Boston, 1847. Mr. Greenhow was United States attorney for the California Land Commission of 1852, and died in San Francisco in 1856. His work contains valuable notations on Alaskan history.

1847.-Studies on the Primitive History ica, by Gustave D'Eitethal, 2 vols., 8vo. America, by C. F. Jomard; 1 vol., 8vo.

Paris in 1847.

and Antiquities of the Races of America and OceanFragments on the History, Geography, &c., of Both these works were published (in French) at

1848.-Volume of Charts and Maps on Russian America, &c., printed by the lithographic press at Sitka in 1848.

1849.-The Collections of Lieutenant Zagoskin, of the Imperial navy, on the Indian Tribes and Languages of Alaska, are printed in the Memoirs of the St. Petersburg Geographical Society for 1847-248-'49, et seq., and also in his work of travels, in 2 vols., 8vo. ; St. Petersburg, 1847-1848.

1850-'60.-Orography, &c., of the North Pacific Countries, by Professor Grewingk, published in Transactions of the Mineralogical Society of St. Petersburg, and also in Germany. This is stated by Mr. Sumrer to be a very valuable work, particularly on the mineral developments of Alaska.

1850.-National History of the Varieties of Man, by Dr. R. G. Latham. Svo, London,

1850.

1851.—Sir John Richardson's Arctic Expedition. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1851.

1851.-A Nautical and Historical Directory of the Pacific Coasts and Islands, &c., &c., by Alexander G. Findlay; 2 vols., royal 8vo, London, 1851. This is a work of great merit, and one of the best compiled on oceanic hydrography, and has been of great utility. The author is well known in England, and an eminent collaborator in the proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. His notations on the Alaskan coasts are from the best authorities of Russia and other nations.

1852.-Voyage of the ship Herald, under Captain Hy. Kellet, in 1845 to 1851, being three cruises to the Behring's straits countries and a voyage round the world; by Dr. B. Seeman; 2 vols., 8vo, 1853. Other volumes on the natural history of the voyage were published by Prof. Edward Forbes, 1 vol., quarto, 1853. A separate volume was written by Dr. Seeman on the botany of the voyage, in quarto. All of them are in high esteem in the learned world. See also the volumes of Sir Leopold McClintock on his voyage to Behring's straits and the Arctic, of 1852 to 1854; also, the volumes of the London Nautical Magazine. The

work of Seeman contains the model of an exploring voyage, and is the most convenient thing of the kind we have ever seen.

1855.-Admiral Von Wrangel. This gentleman, who several times visited California, was governor of Russian America before 1848, and wrote largely in the Russian and German ournals on the status and natural history of Alaska. His works are considered of first-class merit.

1855.—Notices of the Crustacea and other Invertebrate Marine Animals of the North Pacific Countries, by Professor William Simpson, surgeon, &c., of the United States North Pacific xpedition of 1854-56. These notices were published in the transactions of several learned ocieties of Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, from 1855 to 1863, and would now make 12mo. of some 300 pages, and have become standard authorities in natural science. The author is well known in California, has contributed valuable services to the Smithsonian Institute, and is now in charge of the Chicago Museum of the Natural Sciences. His notations on the invertebrate animals of the Alaskan coasts are extremely interesting and curious. 1855.-Transactions of the California Academy of Natural Sciences, in 4 vols., 8vo, from 1855 to 1866; contains several valuable papers on the natural history, &c., of Alaska, by writers of the Pacific domain.

1855.-The Birds of Texas, California, Oregon, &c., by John Cassin, in 2 vols. quarto; Philadelphia, 1855; with plates. Also the volumes of John J. Audubon on the Biography of North American Birds, and his great work of accompanying plates, all published before 1855. The Quadrupeds of North American is a celebrated work also written by Audubon and Dr. John Bachman, 1840-43. All these volumes are splendidiy illustrated, and relate largely to the natural history of Alaska.

1857.—John C. E. Buschmann, Librarian of the Royal Library of Berlin. The philological treatises of this eminent savan on the Indian languages of Russian America, and showing their relations to the Athabascan families west of the Rocky mountains, and comparisons with the northern tribes of Mexico, are contained in the volumes of Transactions of the Royal Academy of Berlin since 1850.

1857.-The North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition, by Lieutenant A. W. Habersham, U. S. Navy; 1 vol., 8vo, 1857.

1857.-Three Years in Washington Territory, with notices of the northwest coasts, by Jas. G. Swan; 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1857.

1857.-Mission to the Government of Japan, by Commodore M. C. Perry, U. S. Navy; in 3 vols., quarto, 1857, copiously illustrated. Contains highly valuable notices on the hydrography of the north Pacific, its great sea currents, &c., &c.; government work.

1857.-The Pacific Railroad Survey volumes, from 1853 to 1858, in 12 vols., quarto, copiously illustrated. The first volume and the 8th, 9th, and 10th contain valuable notations on the Indians, birds, fishes, and animals, &c., of the Pacific domains and of Alaska. In the eighth and ninth volumes may be found Spencer F. Baird's Bibliographies of American Natural History, where all the authorities on Alaskan zoology are set forth.

1858.-Reports of the United States Coast Survey Office, in quartos, since 1853. That of 1858 contains the excellent directory of George Davidson of the coasts of California and to the far north, and incidentally of Alaska.

1858.-Literature of the Aboriginal Languages of America, by H. E. Ludewig; with additions by W. W. Turner and N. Truebner. I vol., 8vo., London, 1858.

1860.-Chinese Repository. An English magazine published at Canton since 1838, and making now over 30 volumes. It contains an immense amount of matter on Asiatic literature, and has papers on Alaska and Kamstchatka. It was first edited by an American missionary from Massachusetts.

1860.-Geographical Dictionary of all the Countries of the World, by J. B. McCulloch; in 2 vols., royal 8vo, London, 1855, and recent editions.

1860.-The Forest Trees of North America, by Dr. J. G. Cooper, of California; in Patent Office Report for 1860. This is an addendum to the great work of Michaux and Nuttall. 1860.-The Flora of North America, by Dr. John Torrey and Dr. Asa Gray; in royal 8vo volumes. Also, their continuations in the volumes of the Railroad Surveys.

1860.-Smithsonian Institution. The volumes of annual reports of this Institution, and those entitled 'Contributions to Knowledge," contain several valuable notations on the Indians and natural history of Alaska. Major Robert Kennicott, of Chicago, one of their most famous assistants, and who explored the eastern sections of Alaska in 1862-'64, died at Michaelowski, in that Territory in May, 1866, while engaged in explorations connected with Bulckley's Telegraph Survey. The manuscripts of his travels are said to be in possession of his friends in Chicago and the Smithsonian Institution.

1860.- The Indianalogy of California, including notes on the Indian tribes of Alaska and other portions of the Pacific domain: published in the California Farmer newspaper in four series of 150 numbers, from 1860 to 1864, by Alex. S. Taylor; perfect set in the mercantile

library of San Francisco, and the library of the Smithsonian Institution. The valuable papers of the late Albert Gallatin on the northwest Indian nations are to be found in the volumes of the New York Ethnological society, after 1845.

1860.-The Geography of the Sea, by Lieutenant M. F. Maury, 8th edition, New York, 1861; also his Wind and Current Charts of the Pacific ocean. This author was Superintendent of the National Observatory at Washington, and afterwards became an admiral in the rebel service of the southern confederacy. The work contains valuable notations on the winds and currents of the North Pacific.

1861.-The Vegetation of the Coasts and Islands of the Pacific, from the collections on the Voyage of the Russian ship Seniavive, under Captain Lutke, 1826-1829, by P. H. Von Kitlitz, in quarto, published in Germany, in 1861.

1861.-History of the Discovery of the Earth, by Carl Von Ritter; London, 1861. 1861-History of Eastern Asia, Mongolia, China, Manchuria, the Amoor, Kamtschatka, &c., &c., &c., by Professor Frederick C. Neuman, of Munich and Berliu; London, 1861. 1862.--Discoveries in northern Pacific from Mongolian Asia, before the times of the Icelanders, (A. D. 500.) These are said to be written by Mr. C. G. Leland, and published in the Knickerbocker and Continental magazines of 1848 and 1862, and are mostly, as is understood, from the work of Professor F. C. Neuman, of Munich and Berlin.

1802.- History of the Discovery and Chartography of the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America, by Dr. John G. Kohl. 1 vol., 8vo, London, 1862.

1863.-Report to the Imperial Government on the Resources of Russian America, &c., with notices of British Columbia, California and the north coast countries, in 1860-'61, by Captain P. N. Golownin; St. Petersburg, 1863. Also published in some periodical in numbers, and, as is said, in English.

1863.-Les Peuples de la Russie. This we judge, from Sumner's remarks, is a very voluminous and valuable work on the populations of the Russian empire, published about 1863. (See also the Almanach de Gotha for 1867, on the same subject.)

1864.-Travels in the countries of the river Amoor, with Notices of Russian America and North Pacific Commerce, by Major Perry D. McCollins; 1 vol., 8vo; New York, 1864. This was written in furtherance of the great enterprise of the telegraph connecting North Amer ica and Asia.

1865.-Atlas for the History of the Discovery of America, compiled under direction of the Royal Academy of Munich. This collection is made by photographing old and scarce raps on the Americas to the number 13, and 100 copies of the work were published in 1865, at Munich, at the price of $18. Some of these, relating to the northwest coasts before 1571, are taken from a scarce and celebrated chartographical collection of the Portuguese scholar Vaz Dourada. (See notes of Professor F. C. Neuman, in the San Francisco Evening Bulletin.) 1867-Speech of Senator Sumner, of Massachusetts, in the United States Senate, in May, 1867, on the purchase of Alaska, and the resources, &c., of the Territory. Pamphlet, evo, of 48 pages and large map of the Territory and vicinities. The discussions on the transfer of Alaska in the United States Congress will be found preserved in the volumes of the Congressional Globe, written down by the official reporters, in 1867.

1867.— The official correspondence between Secretary Seward, of the State Department, and the Russian diplomats, on the purchase and transfer of Alaska, will be found at large in the volumes accompanying the President's message for 1867-1868, from April to December, 1867. (See also the San Francisco newspapers.)

1867.-New Map of Alaska. A new and extended map of Russian America was prepared in May, 1867, by the officers of the coast survey in California, which is stated to be detailed from the most recent authorities, and the best to date.

1867.— Bulckley's Telegraph Survey. The officers of this expedition are stated to be engaged in the preparation of a work on the Explorations of British Columbia and Alaska, connected with this great enterprise.

1867.-Sea Charts. Some excellent navigating charts of the North Pacific coasts have been within the last 18 months issued from the admiralty office of London. These contain the most recent and reliable notations prior to the Coast Survey map mentioned in the foregoing.

1868.-Letters to the New York Tribune and Boston Advertiser.

1868.-Letters and speech of Senator Cole, of California, in favor of the acquisition of

Alaska.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE PACIFIC SLOPE.

PROGRESS OF SETTLEMENT-IMMIGRATION AND LABOR.

SECTION I.

INFLUENCE OF MINING ON OTHER INTERESTS.-Within the brief space of nineteen years our people have opened up to settlement a larger area of territory, valuable as a source of supply for nearly all the necessities of man, than has ever before in the world's history been brought within the limits of civilization in so short a time. Nineteen years ago California, Arizona, Colorado, Montana, Idaho, Washington Territory, Oregon, Utah, and Nevada, occupying more than one-third of the entire area of the United States, were regions chiefly known to trappers and traders; traversed and occupied for the most part by barbarous hordes of Indians. That this extraordinary advance, with all its concomitant results to the trade and commerce of the world, has been achieved by the discovery and development of our mineral resources, no reasonable man pretends to dispute. Every day's progress in our history speaks for itself, and the facts are patent to all.

It seems a little singular, considering the millions of treasure thus added to our national wealth, the vast range of industry opened to our people, the wonderful impulse given to agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, that of all our great national interests, the business of mining has had the hardest struggle to enlist the favorable consideration of our government. Of late years, through the irresistible logic of results, something has been achieved in the way of more intelligent federal legislation.

The mineral land law, of July 28, 1866, granting titles in fee to the miners, is an advance in the right direction. The appropriation for the collection of mining statistics is another.

There are in the Atlantic States many who will speak of mining as an interest inimical to the welfare of a people, owing to its fluctuating and hazardous character, and to the contempt it is supposed to beget for the more gradual methods of acquiring wealth. There is much truth in this view when it is confined to the early style of mining, which despised restraint and debauched the morals as it impaired the constitutions of those who followed it in a spirit of wild adventure. But the objection does not lie against mining as a regular, systematic pursuit, directed by skill and capital, and relying upon the steady continuance of moderate profits. This kind of mining, by common consent, is destined to be one of the most permanent and healthful sources of prosperity. The application of American ingenuity and enterprise to the development of the deposits of precious metals found west of the Rocky mountains, is certain ultimately to make mining for gold and silver as legitimate and safe a business as mining for coal and iron, and as great a promoter of diversified industry.

If we take mining only in its past condition and its present transition state, we must admit that with all its evil effects upon individuals, it has caused most important general benefits, especially in anticipating by generations the peopling of the immense Territories of the west, and thus widening the field for the display of national energies, broadening the spirit and firmly bracing the national credit. But for the mining furor of the last 19 years, California would probably have remained a vast cattle range to this day, and all the great Territories that adjoin it, now peopling with civilized communities, and nearly traversed by a railroad uniting both shores of the continent, would still be savage wastes, held and controlled by the barbarians who are fast retiring before the forces of modern progress.

The direct effect of mining upon agriculture and commerce is strikingly shown

in California. How much wheat would now be exported from San Francisco but for the mines and the population attracted by them? How many interior towns would have been built; how far would the Pacific railroad have been constructed; where would have been the overland mail and telegraph, and the China steamship line, but for the necessities created by the development of our mineral wealth? The mines have not only led to these things, but they have built up a great manufacturing interest, which already, in San Francisco alone, estimates its annual product by a figure nearly as high as that of the gold fields. The truth is, agriculture, commerce, manufactures, and mining, are essentially homogeneous pursuits. The only antagonism is one of wrong methods, and these are sure to be rectified in time. In some quarters of the globe it is commerce that leads, in others agriculture, in others mining. The last has been especially conspicuous as a motor of emigration and industrial development in the Pacific States, and has caused the others to flourish where nothing else could have attracted them for a long time later. The rich silver mines of Nevada have peopled that State with an industrious and thriving population. Farms are seen where sage-brush deserts existed a few years ago; the rugged declivities of the mountains abound in gardens. On the western slope of the Sierra Nevada we have luxuriant orchards and vineyards, in the place of endless forests of pine. Baron Humboldt, the most learned of travellers and most acute of observers, tells us that the best cultivated fields of Mexico are those which surround the richest mines; and he bears testimony to the fact that "wherever metallic veins have been discovered, in the most uncultivated parts of the Cordilleras, on the isolated and desert table-lands, the working of mines, far from impeding the cultivation of the soil, as it is generally imagined, has been singularly favorable to it." And the reasons he gives are conclusive :

Want soon awakens industry. The soil begins to be cultivated in the ravines and declivities of the neighboring mountains, wherever the rock is covered with earth. Farms are established in the neighborhood of the mines. The high price of provisions, from the competition of purchasers, indemnifies the cultivator for the privations to which he is exposed from the hard life of the mountains.

The truth of these observations is strikingly illustrated by the example of California. But mining in that State has a still more direct influence upon the development of our agricultural resources than the direct demand it creates in the mining districts for agricultural products. The vast net-work of ditches in the central counties has inaugurated a system of irrigation which may some day be almost as indispensable to the farms, orchards, and vineyards of the dry uplands as to the placer diggings. No purely agricultural interest could bear the expense of constructing these immense ditches, some of which range from 50 to 60 miles in length, and cost singly several hundred thousand dollars. Most of these ditches will be available for purposes of irrigation and manufacture, long after the original occasion for them shall have passed away.

That the agricultural and manufacturing will be far in advance of the mining interests of California within a few years, none who have studied the market and shipping lists for the past year or two can doubt; nor can it be denied that this is a matter of congratulation, for while mining is so efficient as a stimulating and co-operating industry, it is not the most solid or genuinely productive and lucrative industry, and all human experience shows that a people never attain the highest prosperity and the best culture who are largely devoted to a single pursuit. Humboldt says "the influence of the mines on the progressive cultivation of the country is more durable than they are themselves." While it must be admitted, therefore, that "the produce of the earth derived from agriculture is the sole basis of permanent opulence," it is but just to say, so far at least as the Pacific coast is concerned, that the working of mines has tended more than all other causes to the development of that pre-eminent branch of industry.