BIBLIOGRAPHY FLEMING, R. A. The effect of "ascending degeneration" on the nerve cells of 1897 the ganglia, on the posterior nerve roots and the anterior cornua of the cord. Edinburgh Med. Jour., n.s., vol. 1, pp. 174-182, 279–288, pl. 11. FRIEDLÄNDER, C., und KRAUSE, F. Ueber Veränderungen der Nerven und des 1886 Rückenmarks nach Amputationen. Fortschr. d. Med., Bd. 4, pp. 749-764, Taf. 7. HOMEN, E. A. Veränderungen des Nervensystems nach Amputationen. Beiträge z. path. Anat. u. allg. Path., Bd. 8, pp. 304–351, Taf. 18–19. 1890 KLEIST, K. Experimentell-anatomische Untersuchungen über die Beziehungen 1904 der hinteren Rückenmarkswurzeln zu den Spinalganglien. Arch. f. path. Anat. u. Physiol., Bd. 175, pp. 382-407, Taf. 9. KOSAKA. K., und YAGITA, K. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über den Ursprung 1905 des N. Vagus. (Quoted from Ranson 1906.) KÖSTER, G. Ueber die verschiedene biologische Werthigkeit der hinteren Wurzel 1903 und der sensiblen peripheren Nerven. Neurol. Centralbl., Bd. 22, pp. 1093-1102. 1887 KRAUSE, F. Ueber aufsteigende und absteigende Nervendegenerationen. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol., Physiol. Abt., Jahrg. 1887, pp. 370–376. LUGARO, E. Sulle alterazioni delle cellule nervose dei gangli spinali. Rivista di pathol. nerv. e. ment., 1896, no. 12, p. 457. 1887 1892 MARINESCO, G. Ueber die durch Amputation hervorgerufenen Veränderungen der Nerven und des Rückenmarks. Berliner klin. Wochenschr., Bd. 39, p. 988. 1898 1899 Sur les phénomènes de séparation dans les centres nerveux après la section des nerfs périphériques. Presse med., année, 6, semestre 2, pp. 201-206. MÖNKEBERG, G., und BETHE, A. Die Degeneration der markhaltigen Nervenfasern der Wirbelthiere unter hauptsächlicher Berücksichtigung des Verhaltens der Primitivfibrillen. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 54, pp. 135-183, Taf. 8-9. RANSON, S. W. Retrograde degeneration in the spinal nerves. Jour. Comp. Neurol, and Psychol., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 265–293. 1906 RETZIUS, G. Zur Kenntniss des Nervensystems der Crustaceen. Biol. Unters., 1890 N. F., Bd. 1, pp. 1-50, Taf. 1-14. VAN GEHUCHTEN, A. L'anatomie fine de la cellule nerveuse. La Cellule, tome. 1897 1903 13, pp. 312-390, pl. 1. La dégénérescence dite rétrograde ou de générescence Wallérienn indirecte. Le Névraxe, vol. 5, p. 1. (Quoted from Ranson, 1906.) THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN MAMMALS ALBERT KUNTZ From the Laboratories of Animal Biology of the State University of Iowa c. Sympathetic excitatory and sympathetic sensory neurones 249 351 e. Relation of the sympathetic to the central nervous system. 251 252 VI. Summary. 253 Bibliography. 256 I. INTRODUCTION The present investigation of the development of the sympathetic nervous system in mammals was carried on in the laboratories of Animal Biology of the State University of Iowa, under the direction of Prof. Gilbert L. Houser. Although much excellent work has been done on the development of the sympathetic nervous system, our knowledge concerning the sympathetic neurones and the relation of the sympathetic to the central nervous system is still very meager. Our newer conceptions of nerve-components and of the functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system call for a re-investigation of the development of the sympathetic system in order to bring this division of the nervous system into harmony with established facts. The present investigation was undertaken in order to further exact knowledge concerning the histogenesis of the sympathetic system, to establish the histogenetic relationships between the sympathetic neurones and the neurones in the central nervous system, and to correlate the sympathetic system with the other functional divisions of the nervous system. The most important results achieved pertain to increased knowledge concerning the histogenesis of the sympathetic system and its relation to the central nervous system, and to the fact that the cardiac plexus and the sympathetic plexuses in the walls of the visceral organs are not derived from the sympathetic trunks, as has hitherto been supposed, but have their origin in nervous elements which migrate from the vagus ganglia and the walls of the hind-brain along the fibers of the vagi. During the progress of the work, two preliminary papers were published (see Bibliography). It is a real pleasure to express my deep sense of obligation to Prof. Houser for his many helpful suggestions and for the inspiration afforded by the constant enthusiastic interest manifested by him during the progress of this investigation. I desire also to express my indebtedness to Dr. F. A. Stromsten for many valuable suggestions in technique. II. HISTORICAL SURVEY The earliest observations on development of the sympathetic nervous system are those of Remak ('47). That pioneer among the investigators of the sympathetic system described the anlagen of the sympathetic trunks in the chick as ganglionic enlargements on the communicating rami, situated at their point of deviation from the spinal nerves. He believed that the cells composing these ganglionic enlargements are derived from preformed elements arising in the mesoderm. This view of the mesodermal origin of the sympathetic nervous system held undisputed sway for more than two decades, and has found advocates, among whom may be mentioned Paterson ('91), in more recent times. The work of Balfour ('77) marks the beginning of our modern conception of the ectodermal origin of the sympathetic nervous system. According to his observations on the selachians, the anlagen of the sympathetic trunks arise as simple enlargements on the spinal nerve-trunks. Subsequently, these enlargements advance toward the aorta, each, however, retaining connection with its respective nerve by a fibrous branch which becomes the communicating ramus. These ganglionic enlargements are at first independent of each other, but become united later by longitudinal commissures. These observations on the selachians were substantiated by Onodi ('86), Van Wijhe ('89), and Hoffmann ('99). Schenck and Birdsall ('78) extended the conception of Balfour, somewhat modified, to the higher vertebrates. Tracing the development of the sympathetic trunks in birds and mammals, they found that before the anlagen of the sympathetic trunks appear, the spinal ganglia are not sharply limited distally. Groups of cells become detached from the distal ends of the spinal ganglia and advance far into the spinal nerve-trunks. These cells, they believe, constitute the anlagen of the sympathetic trunks, but they have given no clear conception of the process by which these cells are transferred from the spinal ganglia to their new location in the sympathetic anlagen. Kölliker ('97) adopted the doctrine of Balfour and attempted to extend it to the peripheral sympathetic plexuses. In the ab THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY, VOL. 20, No. 3 |