MALT Liquors. TRADE. Trade in Malt Liquors. having to do all his own malting, he has to employ three times the capital he would have to do in England for a similar trade to his own." "The writer's experience," continues Mr. Whymper, "does not go back beyond 1866. In that year, and for several years after, the declared quantity was about 200,000 barrels ; it is now about 60,000 barrels. The value was then about £600,000, and it now averages about £200,000. The quantity of beer brewed in India in 1866 was probably not more than 2,500 barrels, certainly not more than 3.000, whilst in the present year it will pos sibly reach to 170,000 barrels and will certainly be over 150,000 barrels. The limit of the whole trade to be done with the European population of India is probably 250,000 barrels." "The trade will not likely expand beyond this until the Government relaxes certain rules, which, whilst they restrict the sale of beer in some districts, unquestionably foster the consumption of spirits. In Southern India, for instance, the brewer is not allowed to brew beer for native consumption above a certain alcoholic strength, and this strength is not sufficient for the native palate." Turning to the official records of the BEER TRADE the following table may be given of the foreign beers brought into India. It will be observed that the imports fell off steadily from 1866 to 1878-79, but that from the latter date they have since steadily improved, until, at the present time, they are nearly as large as they were prior to the existence of Indian breweries: Import of Malt Liquors from Foreign Countries.* If to the imports of last year be added the amount of beer made in India during the year 1888-89 (viz., 5,165,138 gallons), the total consumption in India must have been for that year 7,563,718 gallons, fully three times as much as in 1866. For further particulars regarding the trade in Malt Liquors the reader is referred to the article Narcotics, section MALT LIQUORS, PP. 328-330. * Conf. with table on p. 329. The Common Mallow. MALVA, Linn.; Gen. Pl.,' I., 201. MALVA (G. Watt.) sylvestris. Malva parviflora, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind., I., 321; MALVACEE. Pharmacogr. Indica, 228; Gazetteers:-N. W. Provs., IV., 68 ; &., 306; Habitat.-A small, spreading herb, found in the North-West Himálava (altitude 1,000 to 2,000 feet), also in Upper Bengal, Sind, and the Panjáb. Distributed through Europe, the Levant, Arabia, and Nubia. 105 Medicine.-lhe SEEDS are used as a demulcent in coughs and ulcers in MEDICINE. the bladder. Food.-Frequently eaten as a POT-HERB by the Natives, specially in times of scarcity, Domestic-In Kanáwar the ROOT is used by women to cleanse their hair; woollen cloth is also washed with it. Bellew states that the root is employed as risha khatmi (see Althæa rosea). M. rotundifolia, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind., I., 320. Syn.-M. VULGARIS, Fries. The Flora of British India describes two varieties under this species :- Syn.-M. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Roxb.; M. BOREALIS, Wallm., et Boiss.; M. Syn.--M. ROTUNDIFOLIA, var, a in W. & A. Prod. Vern.-Sonchala, khubasi, HIND.; Kúkerai, PUSHTU.; Chandirí, khabazi References.-Elliot, Flora Andh., 184; Aitchison, Botany Afghan Delimi- Habitat. A much branched spreading herb found in the North-West Asia. Seeds. 106 FOOD. Pot-herb. 107 DOMESTIC. 108 109 Seeds. Medicine.-The SERDS possess demulcent properties. They are pre. MEDICINE. scribed in bronchitis, cough, inflammation and ulceration of the bladder,| and LEAVES, being mucilaginous and emollient, are employed as an external application in scurvy; they are also reckoned useful in piles. Food and Fodder.-In some parts of Sind, the LEAVES are eaten as a pot-herb. The SEEDS are also reported by Mr. Lace to be eaten by the people of Quetta, and the PLANT used as fodder for cattle. M. sylvestris, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind., I., 320. THE COMMON MALLOW. Vern.-Vilayati-kangai, gúlkheir, HIND.; Khatmi (Patna), Beng.; Kanji, Leaves. III FOOD & fodder. Leaves, 112 -Seeds. 113 Plant. 114 115 MALVA sylvestris. FIBRE. 116 MEDICINE. Plan. 117 The Common Mallow. 1878, 288; Irvine, Mat. Med. Patna, 49; Pharmacog., Ind., I., 204; Habitat. An erect, nearly glabrous herb, met with in the Western Tem- Medicine. Most of the MALVAS contain much mucilage and have demulcent and emollient properties, but M. sylvestris perhaps enjoys the first rank as a medicinal species. To a large extent it takes the place, in Asiatic pharmacy, which Althea officinalis (the Marsh Mallow) holds on the Continent of Europe. It appears to have been known to the early Muhammadan physicians, who probably derived their knowledge of it from the Greeks. The early Sanskrit medical writers do not seem to have placed much importance on malvaceous mucilaginous preparations. The modern Hindu doctors, however, following perhaps the Muhammadans, prescribe such preparations, but having adopted tropical substitutes for Malva, have caused a certain amount of ambiguity in their restricted application of vernacular names to the plants so employed. Dr. Moodeen Sheriff writes under Abutilon indicum-the COUNTRY MALLOW of popular writers :"The word kanghi or kangói is not only used incorrectly in some books as synonymous with the Arabic and Persian words khabbási, khitmí, tódarí (the names of three different drugs), but is also confounded with the word kangóní or Coongoonie' as it is generally written. The latter is one of the Dukhni synonyms of the seeds of Setaria italica" (Conf. with Dictionary Econ. Prod., I., 14-17). Dr. Moodeen Sheriff recommends that when these words are used to denote Malva sylvestris var. mauritiana (the Bengal and Western India form of the species), the prefix viláyatí (=foreign) should be given, thus viláyatí-kangói. According to Moodeen Sheriff, therefore, Abutilon is the true kanghi of India, and the association of that name with Malva sylvestris would therefore be incorrect. This may be so, but it is more likely that kanghi has a generic and medicinal signification, denoting the mucilaginous Malvacea rather than any one species of Abutilon or Malva. At all events, the confusion that has arisen, is in the application of that name and its synonyms to closely allied plants which all possess the same or nearly the same properties. The balȧ of Sanskrit writers was a cooling preparation made, apparently, from the roots of various species of Sida. In the Pharmacopoeia of India the mucilaginous substitute recommended for mallow is made from Hibiscus esculentus. This is described as a valuable emollient and demulcent, also diuretic. Of the same nature are the preparations, used by the people of India, made from Corchorus (see Vol. II., 540 and 543). Birdwood suggests that Malva sylvestris is probably the paλaxn XEроaτa (Malakhí) of Dioscorides, which was known to the Egyptians as Khokorteen. But Alpinus figures and describes Corchorus as Melochia. Dymock, accepting the same rendering, remarks that "the Mahometans probably derived their knowledge of its medicinal properties from the Greeks. Mauluna Nafí describes three varieties, vis. : 1st-A cultivated kind called Malokia. 2nd-A large wild kind called Khitmí. 3rd-A small wild kind called Khubásí. The author of the Makhsan-el-Adwiya pronounces the last mentioned to be the article now known as Khubází." Dymock adds that "all parts of the PLANT are commended in Muhammadan works on account of their mucilaginous and cooling properties, but The Officinal Mandrake. (G. Watt.) MANDRAGORA microcarpa. the FRUIT is considered to be most efficient." Irvine speaks of the SEEDS as generally employed, the dose being in infusion 3ii to 3 ss. Honigberger remarks "the seeds are used by the Hakims in cough, and ulceration of the bladder." Commenting on the nature of the tódari seeds of the bazárs he says there are two kinds, the white (the seeds of Polyanthes tuberOsa) and the coloured (the seeds of Malva sylvestris). From the passage quoted above it will be seen that Moodeen Sheriff dissents from the opinion that Tédari is a Persian synonym for Khubási, and Dr. Dymock has determined the Persian seeds imported at the present day into Bombay under the name Toudri to be those of Lepidium iberis. Malva. Ainslie says that "the Hindu doctors prescribe the expressed JUICE, internally, in gonorrhoea, and give an infusion of the ROOT as a drink in fevers." From the fact, however, that Ainslie speaks of the plant, to which he refers, as being very common in South India, growing by road-sides and having yellow flowers, it seems probable that he refers to Abutilon and not to The LEAVES of Malva sylvestris are generally reported to be employed in the preparation of an emollient cataplasm. Murray writes that the plant is largely used by native drug-sellers in the formation of a decoction which contains in addition to Malva, rose petals and sugar-candy. This is said to be prescribed in strangury. The mucilaginous property of the plant is found beneficial as an external application in irritation of the skin, and a poultice of the leaves is sometimes employed in fomentation, very much after the same manner as Marsh Mallow is used on the Continent of Europe. Irvine Trade.-The fruit is imported from Persia into Bombay under the References.-N.-W. P. Gazetteer, X., 306; Proceedings of the Rev. & - Habitat. An erect annual, or perennial herb, in the temperate Himálaya (ascending from 6,000 to 12,000 feet), from Assam and Sikkim to Kumáon and Lahoul. It is found in the cornfields of the Nilghiris. Distributed through Europe, Abyssinia, Egypt, Amoorland, and China. Food.-This HERB is grown in patches on homestead land in Assam, tender shoots, and eat them as spinach with rice. Manalú Oil of Kanara is said to be used for lamps. yields this oil is not known. Mandioca MEDICINE. Fruit. 118 Seeds. 119 Juice. 120 Root. 121 Leaves. 122 TRADE. 123 FOOD. Plant. 124 125 FOOD. Herb. 126 The plant which 127 or Manioc Meal, see Manihot Glaziovii, Müll., p. 157. Mandragora microcarpa, Bert., SOLANACEÆ. THE OFFICINAL MANDRAKE. 128 MANGANESE. Manganese Ores. Habitat.-Indigenous in South Europe and Asia Minor. The indigenous species met with in India (M. caulescens, Clarke, Fl. Br. Ind. IV., 242) occurs in Alpine Sikkim at an altitude of 12,000 to 13,000 feet. It is not known whether the roots of that species possess the medicinal properties assigned by older writers to the Mandrake. Medicine. This plant has been mentioned by Birdwood among his drugs, but without giving any information about its medicinal virtues. The Pharmacographia says that the ROOT, as also that of M. officinarum, and of M. vernalis, are very nearly allied, in appearance and structure, to the roots of Atropa Belladonna, L. (see Vol. I., 351—353). O'Shaughnessy (Beng. Disp., 466) says that the root was celebrated in the magic rites and the toxicology of the ancients and is known now in the bazárs of Central Asia and Northern India. Its properties are said to be identical with those of Belladonna although weaker. Dr. Dymock informs the writer that it is worn as a charm in India. Irvine mentions that the drug is used in Patna as a narcotic in doses of to grain.; MANGANESE, Ball, Geology of Ind., III., 326. The ores of Manganese are numerous and somewhat widely disseminated, though they rarely occur in any quantity in one place. Ball states that the commonest ores in India are Manganite, or the gray oxide; Wad, or the earthly protoxide; Pyrolusite, or the black peroxide; Psilomelane, a combination of the oxide with baryta; Hausmanite or peroxide occurring with other ores of the metal; and Braunite, or binoxide in combination with iron peroxide, silica and magnesia. Manganese. Syn.-BRAUNSTEIN, GLASSEISE, Germ.; SAVON DU VERRE, Fr.; BRUIN STEIN. Vern. Peroxide-kolsa-ka-pathar, inganí, missi siyá, HIND.; Nijní, in- References.-Baden Powell, Pb. Pr., 100; Mason's Burma, 570, 587. 735; Occurrence. -The following short account of the presence of the ores of manganese in India has been principally extracted from Ball's Economic Geology (l. c.), to which the reader is referred for fuller informa tion: MANGANESE ores are chiefly found in the older crystalline or metamorphic rocks, but they occasionally occur in younger sedimentary and unaltered formatios. In India, indeed, a not unfrequent source is laterite, though in such a rock, as might be expected, the deposits are not constant over large areas. "It is possible," Ball writes, "that manganese is much more abundant in this association than is generally thought, since on the weathered surface it resembles ordinary laterite and might easily escape detection." Ores of manganese occur in MADRAS, in the Nilghiris, Mysore, Kadapah, Karnul, Bellary, Vizagapatam, and Hyderabad. In BENGAL, manganiferous limonite is found in some abundance in the neighbourhood of Chaibassa in Singbhum. In the CENTRAL PROVINCES a deposit of manganese ore is met with in the neighbourhoodof Gosalpur in the Jabalpur district, and in the metamorphic rocks north of Nagpur a rich black oxide is said to be abundant, an impure ore, probably of little value if saleable at all, has also been found in te red clays of the Kamthi series around Malagarh in the Berar, Wun district, and an impure psilomelane in the South Rewah coalfield. In RAJPUTANA a mixture of limonite, magnetite, and oxide of man |