ATLANTA UNIVERSITY The Georgia Institute of Technology, with 481 students, is the most important institution for higher education. It has textile, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering schools, and machine-shop practice, in addition to literary and scientific courses. The total number of students in these institutions for white youth is 2,500. A site has been given and funds are partially raised for a Presbyterian university, the total investment of which will be $1,000,000. There are six institutions for the higher education of colored youth, with a total attendance of 2,265. They include literary and scientific schools, theology, industrial training, and a training school for nurses. Charities are numerous and include such educational features as free kindergartens, night schools, and three orphan asylums. Grady Hospital is supported by the city; St. Joseph's Infirmary by the Roman Catholics, and the Presbyterian Hospital by the Presbyterians. Private hospitals or sanatoriums are numerous and well equipped. There are two theatres with 2,500 and 2,000 seating capacity, and two lyceum or lecture associations. Carnegie Library is a white marble building in classic style, and contains 20,000 volumes. The book circulation is 11,000, one fourth among juveniles. There are 131 churches, including missions, and the attendance in fair weather averages 25 per cent of the population. The total membership exceeds a third of the population. Railway facilities include 10 radiating lines, five of which belong to the Southern Ry., and three controlled by the Louisville & N. system. A union depot costing $900,000 has been completed. Belt lines complete the terminal system. Local transportation is unified in a system of well-equipped street railways, covering 142 miles of track, 100 miles within the city, the rest extending eight miles out. The area of the city is II square miles, and the boundary a circle of 31⁄2 miles diameter, extended in two suburbs. Street improvements have cost more than $4,000,000, including 100 miles of sewers, 63 of paved streets, 227 of sidewalks. Six miles of streets are paved with asphalt, the remainder with granite blocks, macadam, and vitrified brick. The city waterworks takes its supply from the Chattahoochee River above Peachtree Creek, in a sparsely populated district. By settling and filtration water is purified. Two engines of 15,000,000 gallons daily capacity each pump it into the city. The consumption is nearly 10,000,000 gallons a day. For domestic use water is supplied at 10 cents per thousand gallons. At this rate, with some reduction to manufacturers, the city makes a profit. Fire, police, sanitary, and other city departments are well equipped and efficient. The city government is administered by a mayor and general council. Appropriation bills are voted separately by two legislative branches, and the mayor has a veto. Bonded debt is limited by State Constitution to 7 per cent of the taxable wealth. The charter requires a sinking fund to retire all bonds in 30 years from date of issue. Atlanta is one of ten cities designated by the secretary of the treasury whose bonds might be used as security for federal deposits. The tax rate is 14 per cent and the assessment averages 60 per cent of actual value. The cool and invigorating climate makes Atlanta a desirable place of residence, the mean summer temperature being 77; winter 44. Streets are made attractive by grassy lawns and shade trees. Grant Park, Piedmont Park, Lakewood Atlanta University, a co-educational (nonsectarian) institution, in Atlanta, Ga., organized in 1869. In 1910 it had 23 professors, 376 students, 12,000 volumes in the library, grounds and buildings valued at $250,000; productive funds, $54,000; benefactions, $30,000, and an income of $54,000, graduates 508. Atlantes, at’-lăn’tēz, in architecture, colossal statues of men used instead of pillars to support an entablature. Roman architects called them telamones (Greek). Atlantic, Iowa, a city and county-seat of Cass County, situated on the Chicago, R. I. & P. R.R., 80 miles southwest of Des Moines. It has various manufacturing interests, including iron and bridge works, planing mills, canning factories, starch-works, soap-factory, and two machine shops. It was chartered as a city in 1869. Pop. (1910) 4,560. Atlantic City, N. J., a city and seaside resort in Atlantic County; on the Atlantic Ocean and on the Reading and the Pennsylvania R.R.'s. It is built on a long, sandy island, known as Absecom Beach, 60 miles southeast of Philadelphia. The island stretches along the coast for 10 miles; has an average width of three fourths of a mile, and is from four to five miles from the mainland. At the north end is the Absecom Light, well known to coastwise sailors. The city has several miles of bathing beach, a magnificent promenade on the ocean front, nearly 100 hotels and boarding houses, electric lights, public schools, churches of the principal denominations, seven national banks, and daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. It is probably the most important all-the-year-round resort in the United States, its splendid climate giving it a large popular patronage even in the dead of winter. The assessed property valuation exceeds $59,000,000. A fire in April 1902 destroyed many hotels and other buildings and led to a municipal enactment that all structures henceforth erected within the municipal limits must be fireproof. Atlantic City was first settled in 1854. It is governed by a mayor and a city council of 17 elected by popular vote. Pop. (1890) 13,055; (1900) 33,000; (1910) 44,461; (in summer) 150,000. Atlantic Ocean, the vast expanse of water lying between the western coasts of Europe and Africa, and the eastern coasts of North and South America, and extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic Seas. Its greatest breadth is between the western coast of North Africa and the eastern coast of Florida in North America. ATLANTIC OCEAN a distance of 4,150 miles. If the Gulf of Mexico, in reality one of its bays, be included, it will extend to 5,000 miles. Its least breadth, between Norway and Greenland, is about 930 miles. Between Cape St. Roque, Brazil, and Sierra Leone, the breadth is 1,730 miles. Its superficial extent has been estimated at 25,000,000 square miles. From the number and extent of its inlets, gulfs, and bays, its coast lines are of great length, the eastern being upward of 32,000 miles, and the western upward of 55,000. Its principal inlets and bays are Baffin and Hudson bays, the Gulfs of Mexico, Honduras, and San Juan, the North Sea or German Ocean, the Bay of Biscay, and the Gulf of Guinea. The principal islands north of the equator are Iceland, the Faroe, and British islands, the Azores, Canaries, and Cape de Verd islands, Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and the West India islands; and south of the equator, Ascension, St. Helena, Trinidad, Columbus, and Tristan da Cunha, the last three being mere rocks. Currents. The great currents of the Atlantic are of two kinds, drift and stream. Drift currents are produced by the wind, either by the perpetual or trade winds, or by prevailing winds. Those having the former origin are constant, running always in the same direction, and generally with a nearly equal velocity; those having the latter are not so constant, neither do they always run in the same direction, nor at a similar rate. The drift currents produced by the trade winds are found between the tropics; those resulting from prevailing winds, north and south of the parallels of 30°. Stream currents are due indirectly to the influence of winds, being produced by drift currents, of which they are continuations. As these currents travel for great distances they meet with many obstacles in their course, which result in changes of direction. A stream current may thus be successively propelled by different currents, or consist in the combination of different stream currents. A third kind of currents is produced by the flow of the water to restore the level disturbed by other currents. This is called a current of indraught. The great currents of the Atlantic are the Gulf Stream, the equatorial current — which may be divided into the main equatorial current, the north equatorial current, and the south equatorial currents-the North African and Guinea current, the South connecting current, the Southern Atlantic current, Cape Horn current, Rennel current, and the Arctic current. The Gulf Stream is a continuation of the main equatorial current, and partly of the north equatorial current, both western drift currents produced by the trade winds. The former passes across the Atlantic to the American coast, upon which it strikes from Cape St. Roque to the Antilles. On being turned by the coast it runs along it at a rate of 30 to 50 miles per day, and sometimes at a higher speed, till it enters the Gulf of Mexico, from which, having previously received part of the waters of the north equatorial current, it issues between Florida and Cuba under the name of the Gulf Stream. It afterward flows nearly parallel to the coast of the United States, separated from it by a belt of cold water. Off Cape Hatteras it spreads into an expanding channel, reaching a breadth of 167 miles, and consisting of three warm sections with two cold belts interposed, On passing Sandy Hook it turns east and continues to be recognizable, partly by the blue color derived from the silt of the Mississippi, till about lon. 30° W., where, with a greatly diminished temperature, it is found flowing nearly due east. The equatorial current, so called from its being under the line, commences on the western coast of Africa, about lat. 10° S., or nearly opposite St. Paul de Loando. From this point it pursues a northwest direction till it makes lon. o, when it proceeds due west on both sides of the equator, till it arrives at Cape St. Roque in South America, when it is divided into two branches, one running along the Guiana coast, and into the Gulf of Mexico, as already mentioned, the other along the coast of Brazil, and so called the Brazil current. The latter is reinforced by the south equatorial current, which, however, is not distinctly separable from the main equatorial current. The length of the equatorial current, from the coast of Africa to Cape St. Roque, is 2,500 miles. Its breadth near the commencement is 185 miles; opposite Cape Palmas, 420; and before dividing, about lon. 31° or 32° W., it is 510. Its average velocity, which is greater in summer than in winter, is from 25 to 30 miles a day. The North African and Guinea current originates between the Azores and Cape Finisterre in Spain. It flows in a southeasterly direction, and after sending a mass of water into the Mediterranean it pursues a southerly course to Cape Mesurada, south of Sierra Leone, keeping at a considerable distance from the land. It then flows rapidly for 1,000 miles due east to the Bight of Biafra where it seems to mingle with the equatorial current. It is led from the west by the Guinea counter current, a back flow of water between the main and the north equatorial currents. The south connecting current strikes across the South Atlantic from the Brazil current, ther turns north, and finally joins the great equa torial current. The South Atlantic or South African current originates north of the Cape of Good Hope, from which it flows in a northwesterly direction, at a rate of from 15 to 30 miles a day, and eventually merges into the equatorial current. Cape Horn current flows constantly from the Antarctic and South Seas into the Atlantic Ocean, its general direction being eastnortheast and northeast. Rennel current, which is possibly a continuation of the Gulf Stream, enters the Bay of Biscay from the west, curves round its coast, and then turns northwest toward Cape Clear in Ireland. The Greenland or Arctic current runs along the east coast of Greenland to Cape Farewell: having doubled this cape, it flows up toward Davis Strait, from which it receives an inflow of water, and then turns to the south along the coast of Labrador, and continues along the coast of the United States, from which it separates the Gulf Stream by a cold band of water. Immense masses of ice are borne south by this current from the Polar seas, and carried into warmer regions, where they gradually dissolve and disappear. In the interior of the North Atlantic there is a large area comparatively free from currents, lying between 20° and 30° N. and 30° to 60° W. It is called the Sargasso Sea, from the large quantity of sea weed which drifts into it. A similar area exists in the South Atlantic, to which the same name is occasionally applied by |