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Professor Stuart of Andover and Professor Miller of Princeton took prominent part. Though both were opposed to Channing, they controverted each other concerning the doctrine of the eternal Sonship of Christ. Professor Woods of Andover and Professor Ware of Harvard were engaged at the same time in a discussion in which were issued "Letters to Unitarians," "Letters to Trinitarians and Calvinists," and various others.

Amherst College was begun in 1821, and at once drew to its support many of the orthodox churches. Its application for a charter was for two years per sistently opposed in the Massachusetts Legislature, in part because it was regarded as representing the orthodox faith; but the charter was granted, with conditions, in 1825.

In 1823 Rev. Dr. Lyman Beecher of Litchfield, Conn., came to Boston to assist Dr. S. E. Dwight of Park Street Church in revival services. He had for several years taken a deep interest and an active part in the controversy with the Unitarians, and had expressed grave apprehensions on account of their growth in power and prestige. But he was soon encouraged by what he saw in Boston. He wrote: "There is unquestionably a great and auspicious change going on in Boston in respect to evangelical doctrine and piety. The orthodox have for years been delving in their Sabbath Schools and other evangelical efforts, and their zeal and strength and momentum as to preparing the way for a revival are noble, and they are reaping their reward." The religious interest aroused by Dr. Beecher's preaching was deep and lasting. Not only were the orthodox churches greatly strengthened by

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AMHERST COLLEGE, AMHERST, MASS.

it, but many Unitarians became interested, impressed by the contrast between the spiritual character of the orthodox meetings and the spiritual apathy in their own circles. The effect of the revival was salutary also in bringing about a change in the nature of the controversy. The orthodox churches, under the pressure of the discussion, had been gradually abandoning the positions of the Old Calvinists which were repellent to human sympathies and human reason. The extent of this change is indicated in a letter written to Dr. Beecher by Dr. Nettleton, an eminent revivalist in Connecticut. He wrote: "Why not take this ground with Unitarians; we feel no concern for Old Calvinism. Let them dispute it as much as they please : we feel bound to make no defense. Come home to the evangelical system now taught in New England. Meet us, if at all, on our own avowed principles, or we shall have nothing to say to you."

In 1826 Dr. Beecher was settled over the newly organized Hanover Street Church, Boston. By this time Unitarianism had begun to change from its boldly aggressive to a defensive policy. Henry Ware, Jr., pastor of the Second Church, about this time wrote: "Dr. Beecher has drawn away some from our societies, and I suspect that orthodoxy rather gains ground. . . Our greatest evil is want of ministers. Openings appear everywhere, but we cannot make use of them. Our theological seminary is so poor that it almost languishes. Three applicants went away because we had no support for them."

Foreign missions were exciting deep and growing interest in the orthodox churches. In 1812 the first missionaries sent from America to India had been

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