of all proportion to its length. Trelles has accumulated a wealth of data to show that the republic, after making noteworthy progress to 1905, retrograded steadily thereafter. Education, the army, immigration, sanitation, roads, national expenditures, the lottery, and criminality are some of the headings under which he discusses this topic. The Trelles pamphlet is a good companion-piece to the one by Ortiz, mentioned supra at item 68. Also cf: p. 412, n. 31; p. 525, n. 24; and p. 546, n. 27.

80. Varona, Enrique José. De la colonia a la república. Habana. 1919.

This is a collection of articles and addresses by a man generally regarded as one of the greatest intellectual figures that Cuba has produced. Cf. supra, p. 633. Less than a fifth of the volume relates to the era of the republic, but that much is a valuable commentary on the social, economic, and political phases of Cuban history, especially from 1906 to 1915.

81. Varona, Enrique José. Por Cuba: discursos. Habana. 1918.

Also a collection of Varona addresses. Particularly notable for its frank discussion of Cuban political ills. is the one entitled Recepción en la academia nacional de artes y letras: discurso leído el día 11 de enero de 1915, at pp. 315-342.

82. Vasconcelos, Ramón. El general Gómez y la sedición de mayo. 2 ed. Habana. 1916. The first edition was also published in Habana in 1916.

This is a brief pamphlet (twenty-nine pages long), by a negro of recognized ability as a journalist, dealing with the race war of 1912 and charging Gómez with responsibility therefor.

83. Velasco, Carlos de. Estrada Palma: contribución histórica. Habana. 1911.

This volume, prepared by one of the leading scholars of the republican era, is made up of articles and addresses by Velasco and others which for the most part. had previously been published elsewhere. Much of the value of the book is due, however, to the ample data provided by Velasco in footnotes. Taken as a whole the work ranks with that of Cabrera as one of

the leading examples of Cuban historical literature dealing with the republic. See also p. 225, n. 42. 84. Wright, Irene Aloha. Cuba. New York. 1910.

This volume, which is more fully described supra at p. 607, n. 27, is a really remarkable work, not only the best of its class among those on Cuba, but also outstanding in the entire field of Hispanic American description and travel. The author knew the subject with which she dealt, and had no hesitancy in speaking her mind. The book makes a fascinating social study, and is valuable also for economic data as well as for its general descriptive account. It is the kind of volume that never gets wholly "out of date."

MANUSCRIPTS

II. OTHER EVIDENCE

The enormous body of manuscript material touching upon the republic is not yet available, except as one may stumble in haphazard fashion on particular documents here and there. Government files of Cuban and United States bureaus are not open to the investigator, and presumably that would also be true of other countries whose unpublished official papers might happen to have valuable material. As for private correspondence, hardly anybody, if indeed anyone at all, has given a thought to accumulating a collection. Nevertheless, the writer has been able to use important manuscripts, some of which have been cited in the account. A number of others could not be quoted to their source, however.

STATEMENTS OF LIVING WITNESSES

In a subject like the present, where innumerable witnesses have lived in Cuba during the time of the events described,some of them for the entire period of the republic, one must inevitably turn to living witnesses for information, or more particularly for opinions. There is, indeed, scant difference between an oral statement judicially made and carefully taken and a printed document, which, after all, is merely the statement written down. To be sure, most statements, even if "carefully taken," are not so "judicially made" as they would be if the author were to publish his responsibility to the world. This defect is to some extent cured, however, where the investigator gathers a number of statements on different sides of the same question, as they tend to check one another. The

writer procured hundreds of such statements, but has used them sparingly and only when they represented a widespread opinion of a considerable group or some particularly striking view. While many of those who gave them would have consented to the use of their names, many others would not, and so the writer has followed a consistent policy of not mentioning any of them. At all events the statements do little more than lend color to an account which rests fundamentally on more substantial evidence.

INDEX