From the Correspondent of the National Intelligencer. FRANCE BRITISH TREATY WITH HANOVER.

Paris, 29th August, 1844. YESTERDAY every journal, except the four official and semi-official, vehemently incited and argumentatively encouraged the nation to war with Great Britain. We might have fancied that we saw fiery crosses and contending hosts in the deep We were told of the precipitate return of the ministers; of a cabinet council of more than two hours, at which the king presided, to determine the answer to the British ultimatum concern

cerulean.

blood and treasure of France will be absorbed by a land which cannot render any return for a long time, what would become of our position in Europe? where would be our political freedom? It requires no magic to answer this question."

August 31.

The public longing was indulged on the evening of the 29th instant, by the official emission of the Prince de Joinville's detailed reports of his operations before Tangiers and Mogador, and the grand despatch of Marshal Bugeaud from the scene of his triumph. You can scarcely conceive the avidity with which those documents were snatched ing the Pritchard affair, and of a unanimous resolve and read in the streets, coffee-houses, and circuwith which the British cabinet could not be satis-lating libraries. fied. Mr. Guizot anxiously visited Lord Cowley The London Morning Chronicle published last before and after the final deliberation, and con- week a letter, which the Journal des Debats—no ferences of both took place with the assembled representatives of the other great powers. The stocks fell deplorably: the depositors of the savings funds betrayed alarm for their money, which amounts to four hundred millions of francs in the stocks or hands of the government. The Journal des Debats and the Globe exert themselves to-day, to calm the public excitement and apprehension. The article of the Debats must have been concerted with Mr. Guizot's department, as follows:

war.

doubt speaking by authority-contradicted in these

terms:

ports of the English consul himself give the most directly opposite conclusions, and that it was only after having acquired a certain conviction that the emperor sought merely to gain time that the Prince de Joinville proceeded to take summary measures."

"The Morning Chronicle publishes a letter, attributed to an Englishman who accompanied Mr. Drummond Hay on his mission to the Emperor of Morocco, in which it is said that the emperor received Mr. Hay on the 5th at Rabat, that he expressed the best intentions, and consented to all the conditions stipulated by France and Spain, and that Mr. Hay was astonished when, on the following day, he heard the cannonade of the French "We have highly blamed the insulting and pro- squadron. We cannot tell whether this letter be voking language of certain English newspapers, genuine or not; but, at all events, it is a tissue of and we must equally condemn such of our own inaccuracies, each self-evident. This letter must journals as seem to take pleasure in crying out for be apocryphal, or the person who accompanied The government has declared, in the most Mr. Hay must have been most singularly misinsolemn manner, that, in repelling an unjust aggres-formed. We have reason to believe that the resion, France did not intend to make a conquest of Morocco, and form permanent establishments in the country. This declaration has all Europe for its witness, and our national good faith for its guaranty. We add, that the opposition itself has become a party to it. It may then be said to be a settled point, a word of honor by which we are bound. War, no doubt, may compel us to occupy The Paris editors laugh at the moderation and for the moment a port or town belonging to an kind qualifications with which the London Times enemy, or even a point of his territory. We, on-after so much bluster-treats the bombardment this occasion, do occupy the island of Mogador, of Mogador and the occupation of the island, and and the Prince de Joinville has landed some troops; gives itself doubly the lie in observing, (28th we will go up as far as Fez, if we should find it necessary; we will, in fine, use every means which instant :) "No one-least of all a British officerwar affords us; but they will be employed only for would deliberately charge Frenchmen, whether imposing secure terms of peace, and not for con- sailors or soldiers, with cowardice." The Jourquest to obtain the reparation and guaranties to nal des Debats has well remarked of the mighty which we are entitled, and not to aggrandize our London oracle: "The Times, certainly, says every possessions in Africa. In saying this we say nothing but what has been formally declared from now and then excellent things; but the force of the tribunes of the two chambers, and repeated by the press. England has much better than confidential promises, it has the public pledge of France! Confidential promises might vanish with the ministry that had the imprudence to make them-an engagement entered into in the face of the chambers, and ratified by them and by public opinion, becomes a national obligation. It is not a concession yielded to foreign influence; it is agency and truth. resolution demanded in our own interest. To ac- Yesterday morning a general persuasion of peace complish the pacification of Algeria, and to colo- reigned, owing to intelligence, in the most positive nize it, is the great object of our present efforts; and the burden of this alone is sufficiently heavy for our budget. We have nearly 100,000 men in Africa, and to conquer and preserve Morocco we must have another 100,000 men; and while all the

its articles is materially lessened in general by what it said the day before, and may say the day after." It is, on nearly all occasions, so inimical and unjust to the United States, that I am not at all distressed by its absolute, manifold disgrace in the instance of the letters, and of its casus belli, upon which the Chronicle rallies it with equal pun

terms, from Marseilles and Toulon, by the way of Oran and of Algiers, that Emperor Muley, after the battle of Isly, submitted to all the conditions of the French ultimatum, and that Abd-el Kader was

actually captured by four hundred of the emperor's negro-cavalry, and about to be delivered up to Marshal Bugeaud. The Journal des Debats of this morning mentions the accounts as pretended news, with the addition that, as late as midnight, the government had received no advices of the kind. It is a subject of speculation here and in London whether the emperor will yield by reason of the French blows, or be obliged as well as exasperated to persevere indefinitely in the contest. A considerable booty-merchandise, fruit, and stores of every description-belonging to Muley, was found by the captors on the island at Mogador. The Debats announces to-day, semi-officially, that the government remains of the same mind since the victories; no acquisition of territory is meditated; it acknowledges that Great Britain has a much larger stake in the Morocco question than France ever had in the Chinese; and consequently better title to interfere, and prescribe limitations. The Opposition editors call this truckling to the British cabinet, and accuse the French ministry of having interpolated into Prince de Joinville's despatch from Tangiers several phrases meant to reässure the British. It is confidently affirmed that Gen. Athalin, the confidential aid-de-camp of Louis Philippe, is the bearer to London of a reasonable solution of the Tahiti problem. My inference from all that has passed and passes would be that neither the Tahiti nor the Morocco question will produce a rupture. The Legitimist journals dwell on the deficiency of the Moors in discipline and artillery, in order to show that the victory of Bugeaud, with such means as he had, was certain, inevitable. The National says: "If the Emperor of Morocco or Abd-el-Kader had beaten the French forces, all Algeria would have risen against us incontinently."

The treaty of commerce and navigation between Great Britain and Hanover, in which the Stade duties are modified, deserves attention at Washington. The London Morning Chronicle says of

it :

IT took three attorneys half-an-hour to convince versed. One of the attorneys kissed him, and notMr. O'Connell that the judgment on him was rewithstanding even the kiss of an attorney-a thing, we believe, rarely given, as it could not very well be put down in the bill, (to kissing our client, so and so,) Mr. O'Connell remained incredulous. He knew, indeed, that the news must be true or could not believe it because the attorneys told it. the attorneys could not be there to tell it, but he It was enough to make anything untrue to have three attorneys agreeing in asserting it, and one embracing and kissing in a manner to call Judas

to mind.

"When the account came to me of the decision

in our favor, though the attorneys rushed into my presence, and one of them did me the honor of embracing me, still notwithstanding that kiss, and the words that accompanied it, and with the full knowledge that it was so or the attorneys would not be there, yet for a full half-hour afterwards 1 did not believe it."

The three attorneys had to convince Mr. O'Connell that there were three honest lawyers in the House of Lords; a most surprising fact, vouched for by the most suspicious of all human testimony.

Mr. O'Connell does not hesitate to declare the thing a miracle, referable to the prayers of the Catholic Church.

"Yes, I repeat it is not the work of man. It is a blessing bestowed by Providence on the faithful people of Ireland. (Hear, and cheers.) There is no superstition in representing it as the gift of Providence; no submission in bowing before the British commerce passing up the Elbe will throne of God and accepting it as His act. I hereafter be placed in a much more favorable posi- would not introduce such a topic here if it were tion, though not in that which it ought to occupy, contrary to the principles or doctrine of any reliwhile the concessions to Hanover exhibit how gious sect represented here. But it is not. It is hard a bargain has been driven by the government the doctrine of the Protestant church, as well as of a little kingdom, once our petted dependency, of the Catholic church, that God interferes with and which, to say the least of it, owes as much to the concerns of man. As Christians they all beBritain as Britain does to it. The face of the lieve that; and the book of Common Prayer contreaty shows the higgling which preceded it. tains, in every part, proofs that it is one of the Every article in it bristles with reciprocity' and tenets of Protestantism, for it contains prayers for equivalent;' and Hanover is repeatedly warned heat in time of rain, and for other variations in the that Britain will only continue the privileges it ac- seasons, as well as for every temporal advantage. cords, so long, and no longer, as Hanover adheres I cannot, therefore, hurt an individual prejudice to her bargain. So far, however, it is something by referring to this subject; and I would not do to have our commerce, passing up the Elbe, deliv- so, if it were possible that any such prejudice ered from the inquisitorial and vexatious regulations of the existing Stade system, as is secured by the sixth article of the treaty, which also provides that certain important articles of British produce and manufactures there enumerated, are only to pay two thirds of the duties specified in the new tariff."

6

could exist. What I have been describing is clearly the doctrine of the Catholic church also. And let us recollect that millions of the faithful people of Ireland had lifted up their hands to God

that the priests of God offered up the holy sacrifice of the mass-that the holy secluded Sisters of Charity united their prayers with those of the

priests at the altars. The Catholics of England "The surgical operations of Dr. Von Herff at joined with us on the occasion. The entire Cath-present attract great interest here. These operaolic population of Belgium offered up similar tions have in several instances effected a decided prayers, and along the shores of the Rhine the cure in cases of tubercular pulmonary consumpsame voice of supplication has been heard."

tion-pithisis tuberculosa. The seat of the ulceration having been ascertained by means of the It is to be lamented, then, that the miracle did stethoscope, the matter is discharged outwardly not take place a little earlier in the proceedings, by an incision being made in the cavity of the and manifest itself in the fairness of the jury list, breast, penetrating the lungs. The cure is finally the temper of the attorney-general, or the impar- effected by medicine injected into the wound by a tiality of the judges. In such case there would syringe. We have hitherto refrained from making known these operations, as we wished to await the have been no "vinegar cruet on two legs" pen- results; but we are now enabled to affirm with ning challenges in court; no Mr. Justice Crampton confidence, that in several instances the operations "squeezing up his face as if to strike the travers- have obtained the most complete success, and in ers with terror at his lion aspect ;" and no penny- no case have been attended by any danger to life. weight chief justice charging the jury against series of experiments, will make the observations We hope that Dr. Von Herff, after an extended "the other side." And certainly the most won- deduced from them the subject of a philosophic derful miracle would have been a fairly-conducted prosecution of Irish liberals under a tory administration.

The present miracle must bear the name of the miracle of the three honest lawyers.

Voltaire being in a company amusing themselves with stories of robbers, and called on in turn for his tale, said, "Once upon a time there was a farmer-general," and there stopped. When called upon to proceed with his story, he said it was all told, all robbery being summed up in the fact that there was a farmer-general.

And so, when Mr. O'Connell has to tell his tale of the miracle of justice, it will all be narrated in the words, "Once on a time there were three honest lawyers."

Had Lord Abinger lived the miracle would have been marred by a full counterpoise for the three honest lawyers.

inquiry."

WE observe it stated in a Liverpool journal, that several vessels have left that port for the Western coast of Africa, with sealed instructions, to be opened in a certain latitude; and each carrying an experienced practical chemist, furnished with tests for ascertaining the real qualities and composition of ores and salts. The destination of these vessels, probably the pioneers of a new traffic, is understood to lie between the 20th and 30th degree of latitude on the Western coast; and their object, the discovery of certain suspected veins of copper, lead, iron, or gold, stated to exist about forty miles from the sea-coast, and in a rich and fertile country.-Morning Chronicle.

THE most respectable booksellers, grocers, chemists, milliners, and other shopkeepers, excepting provision and refreshment-shops, have commenced now to open at seven in the morning, and close their doors at eight every evening, excepting ArrangeSaturday night, then one hour later. ments are also being made to close at seven o'clock in the months of November, December, January, and February.-Standard.

French and English governments is settled. The Courrier Français states, that 25,000 francs will be the amount of compensation offered to Mr. Pritchard for the outrage inflicted upon him by M. D'Aubigny. Captain Bruat has succeeded to the rank of Captaine de Vaisseau of the first class.

THE WORLD.-Sweeping the political telescope over the horizon abroad, we find nothing very FRANCE. After long denying the fact, the Paris striking for description; although there is move-papers admit that the Tahiti question between the ment in all quarters-a storm either subsiding or brewing. France and Morocco lie upon their arms, reposing, but not reconciled. Spain is reconciled to her African ally; but is now busied with some revolutionary murmurs at home. Italy trembles at the stifled sound of resurrection. In Egypt, Mehemet Ali has used the panic caused by his THE Municipal Council of Toulon have made mad escapade, to make his ministers confess some delinquency in their rule, and in penance to mulet great preparations to receive the Prince De Jointhemselves for the benefit of his treasury. British ville in triumph on his expected return to France; India has no war upon her hands, but only a mutiny, and the distant sounds of barbarian contest in her slumbering ear. China is threatened with more intrusive negotiations, American and French; like boys who have seen one of their number rob an orchard, the American and Frenchman will noisily step in too, even at the risk of spoiling the sport for all. Fiscal differences have set the governor and people of Eastern Australia by the ears. All this is matter that little concerns us in England at present; but it promises to make incidents for the journals some day.-Spectator, Sept. 7.

A letter from Darmstadt, dated 2d September, in the Ober Post Amts Zeitung, describes a striking method newly invented for the cure of pectoral complaints

having voted 20,000 francs for the purpose, besides 500 francs to be given to the widow of each sailor from Toulon killed at Tangier or Mogador. The prince is looked for in Paris about the 15th instant. There is a talk that he will be made Lord High Admiral of France; a post first filled, in 1270, by Florent de Varennes, and last borne by the Duc D'Angoulême.

THE Morning Chronicle mentions tokens of increasing the military force in Ireland-the "erection" of large guns at Cork, and the enlargement of Rock Barrack at Bally-shannon; adding, "Some force is to be increased beyond its amount during regiments are daily expected, and the military the state trials. Some detachments had been drafted off since that time, but their places are to be supplied."

From the Morning Chronicle.

rather more of the younger branches of a family

RETURNS EXHIBITING THE OCCUPATIONS OF employed in trade and manufactures than in agri

THE PEOPLE.

THE long-expected abstract of the answers and returns obtained in 1841, relative to the occupations of the people, has at length appeared, and a more important publication has rarely issued from the press. It places beyond the possibility of further doubt or cavil a mass of facts respecting the condition of the population, which must in no very long time settle the question of free trade. We can at present only advert briefly to one or two of the results which appear on the face of the

returns.

In the first place, it is ascertained that between the years 1831 and 1841 the amount of employment afforded by the agriculture of Great Britain remained nearly stationary, notwithstanding the enormous increase in the population. The multitude of additional hands has been obliged to find work in other departments. The total male population of Great Britain, twenty years of age and upwards, was, in 1831, 3,199,984; and in 1841, 3,829,668, showing an increase in ten years of about 630,000 adult males. Hardly one of these additional men has been able to find employment in agriculture. The agricultural occupiers and laborers were, in 1831, 980,750, and in 1841, only 961,585. Allowing here for a correction pointed out by the enumerators, it still appears, that at the end of the decennial period there was either no increase, or a very small one, in the number of adult males employed in agriculture. Look, however, to the numbers employed in commerce, trade, and manufactures. In 1831 they were 1,278,283, and in 1841 they amounted to 1,682,044, showing that those branches of industry had found employment for more than 400,000 additional persons of the class before-mentioned. The preface to the abstract contains the following observations :

"In columns 28 and 29 are given proportional tables of the two great classes of occupations, viz., agricultural and commercial (or trade and manufactures.) In the former are included all farmers, graziers, nurserymen, &c., together with the whole number of persons returned as agricultural laborers; in the latter, all shopkeepers and manufacturers, with those working under them; while from both classes are excluded those returned as domestic servants or general laborers, together with all professional persons. It will be seen, that for all England trade and manufacture includes rather more than double the numbers included under the head of agriculture.

*

"The altered proportion which the agricultural bears to the commercial classes for Great Britain, generally, will at first perhaps excite surprise. The proportions which the agricultural, the commercial, and the miscellaneous classes bore to each other, were, in

1811

1821

1831

Agricultural.

culture, it may have slightly augmented the difference here exhibited. The other facts shown by these returns are, however, so much in accordance with these results as to confirm their accuracy."

Thus, the agricultural class comprises less than one-fourth of the people, and it is stationary in point of numbers, while the other sections of the population are rapidly increasing from year to year. Can anything more clearly demonstrate the folly of legislation which checks the development of the only kind of industry which is found to be laborers? Is this to go on forever? The founcapable of expanding with the multiplication of dation of that vast system of manufactures and commerce by which so many millions are maintained, is the interchange of manufactured goods for raw products. The great check upon our prosperity is the increasing difficulty of obtaining those raw products. With respect to the essential article of food, we deliberately enhance the difficulty for the sake, professedly, of this agricultural class, which is every year losing some portion of its relative importance. Is it possible, when the numbers on the one side and on the other are now authoritatively stated, that this grievous injustice can be suffered to continue? The injustice would be palpable, even if all those engaged in agriculture could be said to benefit by what is called agricultural protection; but when we know that they, like every other class, are interested in having the chief article of consumption abundant, we can hardly use language strong enough to condemn the nefarious policy which so openly sacrifices the many to the few.

The returns give what has probably never been given before, an accurate statement of the number of persons employed in various branches of manufacture. Those employed in the cotton manufac-ture are classed thus:

Males, 20 years and upwards
Ditto, under 20

Females, 20 years and upwards
Ditto, under 20

Total

138,112

59,171

Commercial.

Miscellaneous.

Iron ditto

Tin ditto

118,233.

15,407

11,419

10,949

6,101

while they were respectively in

1841

In considering the number of persons supported by any particular manufacture, it is to be remembered that the numbers given are of actual workers, and not of those who, as wives, children, &c., are supported by the labor of others. The total number of persons whose occupations were ascertained in Great Britain, was 7,846,569, leaving 10,997,865 as the "residue" of the population, which must be taken to consist of persons dependent on the former. Therefore to the number given under each employment we must add another number bearing to it the proportion of about 11 to 8, in order to ascertain the entire number of individuals whom that branch of industry supports.

To estimate with perfect correctness the value of the conclusions contained in these returns, it would be desirable to advert to the plan upon which the information was collected, but this topic we must reserve for another occasion.

EXTRACTS FROM EOTHEN, OR TRACES OF
TRAVEL.

THE MAGNITUDE OF THE PYRAMIDS.-I went to see and to explore the Pyramids. Familiar to one from the days of early childhood are the forms of the Egyptian Pyramids; and now, as I approached them from the banks of the Nile, I had no print, no picture before me, and yet the old shapes were there: there was no change; they were just as I had always known them. I straightened myself in my stirrups, and strived to persuade my understanding that this was real Egypt, and that those angles which stood up between me and the West were of harder stuff, and more ancient, than the paper pyramids of the green portfolio. Yet it was not till I came to the base of the great Pyramid that reality began to weigh upon my mind. Strange to say, the bigness of the distinct blocks of stone was the first sign by which I attained to feel the immensity of the whole pile. When I came, and trod, and touched with my hands, and climbed, in order that by climbing I might come to the top of one single stone, then, and almost suddenly, a cold sense and understanding of the Pyramid's enormity came down overcasting my brain.

THE TURKISH TONGUE.-The structure of the

A summary in the Times states :For the metropolis the general summary gives language, especially in its more lengthy sentences, is very like to the Latin. as the total of population 1,873,676, of whom The subject-matters are 19,400 are paupers and beggars, 1,007,767 unacslowly and patiently enumerated, without discloscounted for, 91,941 returned as of independent the end of his sentences, and then at last there ing the purpose of the speaker, until he reaches means. Some of the more striking returns for the metropolis are under the several heads-" army," comes the clenching word which gives a meaning 8,043; "aurist," one; "author," 163, of whom and connexion to all that has gone before. If you 15 are ladies; "barrister and conveyancer," 1,437,; tion, rather than be suffered to flag, must grow listen at all to speaking of this kind, your attenboot and shoemaker," 28,574; 66 clergyman,' :834; "coffeehouse-keeper," 708; courier,' 77, two of whom are women; 66 newspaper editor, TURKISH DISCOURSE AND DEALING.-The Osproprietor, and reporter," 175; "gardener,"4,785, manlees speak well. In countries civilized accordof whom 167 are women; "ice dealer," 5; "mid- ing to the late European plan, the work of trying to wife," 127; "navy," 1,023; "nurse," 4,687, of persuade tribunals is almost all performed by a set whom 17 are males of twenty years and upwards, of men, the great body of whom very seldom do two are males under twenty years; "oculist," anything else; but in Turkey, this division of .one; "domestic servant," 168,701; "tailor and labor has never taken place, and every man is his breeches maker," 23,517; "West India mer-own advocate. The importance of the rhetorical chant,' one. art is immense; for a bad speech may endanger

66

more and more lively as the phrase marches on.

It appears that in Great Britain, on the night the property of the speaker, as well as the soles of the 6th of June, 1841, 22,303 persons slept in of his feet and the free enjoyment of his throat. barns, tents, pits, and in the open air; 5,016 per- So it results that most of the Turks whom one sons were travelling. The average_number of sees have a lawyerlike habit of speaking connectinhabitants to 100 statute acres for England and Wales is 43; for Middlesex and Westmoreland, which are the counties of the highest and lowest averages, the numbers are 873 and 11 respectively. The average annual number of marriages for England and Wales to every 10,000 inhabitants is 78. In Middlesex, which is the most marrying county, it is 93; in Cumberland, which is least so, it is 57. The average of births to every 10,000 for England and Wales is 319; of deaths, 221; of inhabited houses, 1,850. It may be worth noticing that it is in the maritime counties we find the least comparative mortality.

edly and at length. The treaties continually going on in the bazaar for the buying and selling of the merest trifles are carried on by speechifying rather than by mere colloquies; and the eternal uncertainty as to the market-value of things in constant sale, gives room for endless discussion. The seller is forever demanding a price immensely beyond that for which he sells at last, and so occasions unspeakable disgust to many Englishmen, who cannot see why an honest dealer should ask more for his goods than he will really take: the truth is, however, that an ordinary tradesman of Constantinople has no other way of finding out the For Scotland, the total population is returned fair market-value of his property. The difficulty at 2,620,184, of whom 58,291 are described as of under which he labors is easily shown by comparindependent means, and 17,799 as beggars, paup-ing the mechanism of the commercial system in ers, pensioners, and alms-people. These are some of the principal results of these returns, which will amply reward examination, for they teem with materials for deciding many questions of intense interest.

Turkey with that of our own country. In England, or in any other great mercantile country, the bulk of the things which are bought and sold goes through the hands of a wholesale dealer; and it is he who higgles and bargains with an entire na