sanatorium treatment of these cases as I know sanatoria. If the ideal sanatorium existed, the sanatorium plan would be ideal. I add nothing to your personal knowledge, when I tell you that such an ideal does not exist. I can conceive of no more fitting nor important statement in conclusion than one of condemnatory criticism of the misapplication of the Weir-Mitchell plan of rest and isolation in these cases. It is to be condemned first, as involving the conception of a routine system or plan of treatment; second, as encouraging introspection; and, third, as violating in principle all intelligent interpretation of the whole subject. For women and feminine males it will do no, harm; for men and masculine women it is an insult to intelligence.

MASTER-MINDS OF MEDICINE: I-WILLIAM HARVEY (15781657), DISCOVERER OF THE CIRCULATION.

BY DR. WILLIAM J. FISCHER, WATERLOO, Ont.

Author of Songs by the Wayside.

66 My trust is in my love of truth and the candour of cultivated minds."William Harvey.

The foundation for modern medicine was lain when William Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood through the human heart. This was away back in the seventeenth century, but it gave the builders of science something to work upon. Two books -epoch-making in their importance-stand to the credit of Harvey, the Englishman, who besides holding many important offices in his day, was also physician to His Majesty, King Charles I. They are "De Circulatione Sanguinis" and "De Generatione," and, simple as they read to-day, they contain the fundamental truths on the circulation of the blood and development, as worked out by a man, through long, weary years of research, at a time. when medicine and science ebbed low and England herself was disturbed by the convulsions of internal strife and war.

Harvey is looked upon as the first great discoverer in physiology—a branch that tends so much to the perfection of medicine -and even to-day, men—great, living, intellectual giants-point to him as a prince among physicians and repeat his simple truths

DISCOVERER OF THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART

"William Harvey is looked upon as the first great discoverer
in physiology-a branch that tends so much to the perfection
of medicine-and even to-day, men-great, living, intellectual
giants-po'nt to him as a prince among physicians, and
repeat his simple truths, strong and convincing."

strong and convincing. "Harvey's memory remains," writes one, "and needs neither bricks and mortar, nor pictures, nor a statue, to perpetuate it." It was he who first set his finger upon the heart and its vessels-studied, dissected and experimented upon them until he realized the important truth that was to be told to the world, and his name will be remembered just as long as there are hearts that burn with love, just as long as human lives spend their energies in the mighty battle of existence.

William Harvey, born at Folkstone, April 1, 1578, was the son of one Thomas Harvey,-" the eldest of a week of sons," as Fuller expresses it, "whereof this William was bred to learning his other brethren being bound apprentices in London, and all at last ended in effect in merchants." His father was an intelligent man and was alderman and mayor, at one time or another, of his native town. Of his mother, Joan Harvey, little is known. In the parish church at Folkstone, England, a brass tablet bears the following inscription, which will give the reader an idea of the mother of this distinguished son :

"A.D. 1605. Nov. 8. died in the 55th yeare of her age
Joan, wife of Tho. Harvey. Mother of 7 sones & 2 daughters
A Godly, harmless Woman. A chaste loveinge wife;

A charitable quiet neighbor; a cofortable friendly Matron

A provident diligent Huswyfe. A careful teder-hearted Mother
Deere to her Husband: Reverend of her Children :

Beloved of her neighbors: Elected of God.

Whose Soule rest in Heaven, her body in this Grave :

To her a Happy Advantage--to Hers an Unhappy Loss."

Nothing is known of Harvey's first years except that he attended the schools of his town, studying Latin principally. It was about this time the "Spanish Armada" tried to make a little bit of history for the world, and even in Harvey's own town, closely allied with the Cinque Ports, there was much bustle and excitement. This same year, 1588, the young lad entered King's School, Canterbury, where he remained for five years. Then followed a course at Caius College, Cambridge-founded by Dr. Caius, an eminent authority on Greek. Caius is also said to have been the first to introduce the study of practical anatomy into England. In 1597, Harvey received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Caius College, having made a special study of Latin, Greek and physics. His medical education, however, was to begin only now. following year he travelled through Germany, France and Italy. Italy was in her palmy days then, and was noted for the strength of her several universities. Pisa, Pavia, Padua and Bologna were doing colossal work. Harvey chose Padua, the brilliant Catholic centre, as his Alma Mater, and in 1598 entered upon a thorough. training. Vesalius, the anatomist, Fabricius, the eminent historian of medicine, and Dr. Caius, at one time lecturer of Greek at Padua,

The

had done much by their original work to make Padua famous. The student days of this era had a touch of romance and beauty about them. Many queer customs had been handed down from year to year. A great number were in time abolished. "One, however, remained," writes one, "which allowed the students to tear the clothes from the back of the newly elected rector, who was then called upon to redeem the pieces at an exorbitant rate."

The rector of Padua in Harvey's time was Hieronymus Fabricius a man of wonderful mind. The medical session always began on St. Luke's day. First there was an oration on medicine, then came solemn High Mass, and then the Litany of the Holy Ghost. The students often had to rise quite early for it was a common thing to have lectures at daybreak. The theatre in which Fabricius lectured stands to this day. It is said "the seats are nearly black with age and give a most venerable appearance to the small apartment, which is wainscoted with curiously carved oak. The lectures must have been given by candle-light, for the building is so constructed that no daylight can be admitted."

Fabricius and Harvey soon became great friends. Fabricius, the master, was then sixty-one. His whole mind was taken up with his studies of the valves of the veins, upon which the miser, Sylvius of Louvilly (1478-1555), had previously done much original work.

In 1602 Padua gave Harvey the degree of Doctor of Medicine. The diploma read that "he (Harvey) had conducted himself so wonderfully well in the examination and had shown such skill, memory and learning that he had far surpassed even the great hopes which his examiners had formed of him. They decided, therefore, that he was skilful, expert and most efficiently qualified both in arts and medicine, and to this they put their hands unanimously, willingly, with complete agreement and unhesitatingly.' Could a diploma have been couched in more promising, more eulogistic terms? No wonder, then, that the young doctor of twenty-four easily obtained the degree of M.D. from Cambridge the year following. In 1604 Harvey became a member of the College of Physicians-the most noted body of medical men at that time. The same year, he married Elizabeth Browne, daughter of Dr. Browne, who was physician to Queen Elizabeth and James I. Absolutely nothing is known of Mrs. Harvey. We know, however, that there were no children to bless the marriage.

Harvey spent the first years in London, practising his profession. He did much original work, however, studying the anatomy of all animals. In 1607 he was chosen a Fellow of the College of Physicians. Shortly after came the appointment of attending physician to the poor of St. Bartholomew's Hospital. The charge read in part:

"You shall not for favour, lucre, or gain, appoint or write anything for the poor but such good and wholesome things as you shall think with your best advice will do the poor good, without any affection or respect to be had to the apothecary. And you shall take no gift or reward of any of the poor of this house for your counsel. This you will promise to do as you shall answer before God, and as it becometh a faithful physician, whom you chiefly ought to serve in this vocation, is by God called unto, and for your negligence herein, if you fail, you shall render account. And so we require you faithfully to promise in God, His most Holy name, to perform this your charge in the hearing of us, with your best endeavor as God shall enable you, so long as you shall be physician to the poor of this hospital."

"As physician," writes Dr. Norman Moore, "Harvey sat once a week at a table in the hall of the hospital, and the patients, who were brought to him, sat side by side on a settle-the apothecary, the steward, and the matron standing by whilst he wrote his prescription in a book, which was always kept locked.

Great strides were now being made in England in the study of anatomy. Everywhere lectures were being given and dissections made. In 1581, Lord Lumley and Dr. Caldwell established the famous Lumleian lectures at the College of Physicians. The lecturer, who was appointed for life, was to be a man high up in the profession and was, in turn, to receive a good fee for his bi-weekly lectures on Wednesdays and Fridays. For the first three-quarters of an hour the lecturer held forth in Latin; then followed fifteen minutes in English. The tables of Horatius Morus, the works of Galen, Paulus Ægineta, Oribasius, Holerius and others were touched upon. In 1615 the Lumleian lectureship was accepted by William Harvey, then thirty-seven years old, and he held it for the next forty-one years, when it fell into the hands of his friend, Sir Charles Scarborough. A writer gives us the following interesting picture of Harvey in these days when he held forth in the theatre of the College of Physicians, surrounded by the anxious, intelligent student-body: "He was a man of the lowest stature, round-faced, with a complexion like the wainscot; his eyes small, round, very black and full of spirit; his hair as black as a raven, and curling; rapid in his utterance, choleric, given to gesture, and used, when in discourse with any one, to play unconsciously with the handle of the small dagger he wore at his side."

Harvey has the distinction, also, of having been a very poor and miserable writer. No one to-day can decipher the strange. lines of his manuscripts-perhaps he himself would be puzzled. The manuscripts of his first Lumleian lectures-the title pages of which are in red ink-are now in the British museum and are quite a curiosity. Much of the writing is in Latin. Harvey was a great Latin and English scholar, and conversed and wrote as freely in one as in the other. Often he would combine sentences, partly Latin and partly English, for example: "Exempto corde, frogg scipp, eele crawle, dogg ambulat.' Then, again, he would