as aromatic vinegar, or the such like. Similar types are also given in a political caricature by Isaac Cruikshank.

But these old quacks were disappearing, and the progenitors of the present hardworking, energetic, and scientific men, our medical advisers, were arising, and I append

A DOCTOR OF THE OLD SCHOOL-1803.

a list, imperfect as it may be, which contains names. of world-wide reputation, and thoroughly well known to every fairly educated Englishman. They are taken in no sequence, chronological or otherwise. Sir Anthony Carlisle, F.R.S., President of the Royal College of Surgeons; Sir Charles Mansfield Clarke, so famous for his.

treatment of the Diseases of Women and Children ; Sir Astley Paston Cooper; Sir Henry Halford; that rough old bear John Abernethy; Dr. Matthews Baillie, the brother of Joanna Baillie; Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie-then a young man; Dr. Edward Jenner, of whom more anon; Wm. Lawrence, F.R.S., Surgeon Extraordinary to the Queen; Sir Charles Bell, another famous Surgeon, whose "System of Anatomy," is still a text book; Geo. James Guthrie, and many others; but a sufficient number of well-known names have been given to warrant the assertion that it was an exceptionally brilliant time of English medicine and surgery.

Perhaps the medical man of this era, to whom the whole world is most indebted, is Dr. Jenner, who thoroughly investigated the wonderfully prophylactic powers of the cow pock. He had noticed that milkers of cows could not, as a rule, be inoculated with the small-pox virus—a means of prevention then believed in, as the patient generally suffered but slightly from the inoculation, and it was then a creed, long since exploded, that small-pox could not be taken. twice. This fact of their resistance to variolous inoculation set him thinking, and he came to the conclusion that they had absorbed into their systems, a counter poison in the shape of some infection taken from the cows. He made many experiments, and found that this came from a disease called the cow pock, and that the vaccine lymph could not only be taken direct from the cow, but also by transmission

from the patients who had been inoculated with that lymph, and whence the present system of so-called vaccination—the greatest blessing of modern times.

Jenner, of course, was opposed; fools do not even believe in vaccination now, and great was the battle for, and against, in the medical profession, and many were the books written pro and con. "Vaccination Vindicated," Ed. Jones; "A Reply to the Anti-Vaccinists," Jas. Moore; "The Vaccine Contest," Wm. Blair; "Cow Pock Vaccination," Rowland Hill; "Birch against Vaccination," "Willan on Vaccination," &c., &c.

Gillray could not, of course, leave such a promising subject alone, and he perpetrated the accompanying illustration. Here Dr. Jenner (a very good likeness) is attending to his patients—vaccinating, rather too vigorously, one lady—the lymph, in unlimited quantity, being borne by a workhouse boy, and receiving his patients who are exhibiting the different phases of their vaccination. As a rule, they seem to have "taken" too well.

A quack, who flourished early in the century, far better deserved the caricaturists' pencil than Jenner, and he got it. The illustration on page 201 represents an American quack, named Perkins, who pretended to cure various diseases by means of his metallic tractors -operating on John Bull. The paper on the table is the True Briton, and it reads thus: "Theatre-dead alive-Grand Exhibition in Leicester Square. Just arrived