5. He, who 269. This Word - Painting, being a subProverbs. 1. He, whose expenditure is more ject of such great importance, and one that than his income,must be poor; but he that receives is inseparably connected with emphasis, we more than he spends, must be rich. 2. What will dwell upon it a little longer, and apply some speakers fail in, as to depth, they make up it practically; for--unless we get into the in- as to length. 3. Money, earned with little labor, is ternals of the subject, all our efforts will be generally spent with little consideration. 4 We nearly unavailing. A very good way to often lose those things that are certain, while we perfect ourself in this style of painting, is-to pursue others that are doubtful. close the eyes, after having memorized the knows nothing, doubts nothing. 6. Many perwords, (or get some one to read them delibe- ons feel an irreconcilable enmity-towards those whom they have injured. 7. Without sweat and rately,) and infix the thoughts and feelings labor, no work is perfected. 8. Accumulated of the author in the mind, and let there be a wealth-brings care, and a thirst for increasing commingling of them with your own, in such riches. 9. Whether in prosperity, or adversity, a way, that there will be an entire re-produc- we should always endeavor to preserve equation, and re-formation of them,-a new crea-nimity. 10. Do not grieve for that which is irretion. The effect of this kind of exercise on the mind, will be like that of the warm sun, and refreshing rain, in developing and perfecting vegetation. THUNDER STORM ON THE ALPS. Nor heed the storms that howl across the sky. Tis greatly win-to talk with our past hours, 270. CHEMISTRY-treats of the composition of all material substances, their sensible properties and relations, and the effects produced upon them-by cohesion, affinity, light, heat, and electricity. Its study-reflects light upon all these effects, and is subsidiary to the natural and medical sciences: indeed, its application extends throughout the wider range of all the physical arts; and hence, ranks among the most useful of the sciences. If the fair sex-would understand this subject, only so far as it relates to house-keeping, they would see, that there is no necessity of having poor soap, or bad bread, or of making other mistakes in their culinary preparations. Anecdote. Mad Man. A man, who was apparently more of a wit-than a mad-man, but who, notwithstanding, was confined in a mad-house, being asked how he came there, answered-"Merely a dispute of words; I said that all men were mad; and all said I was ma!; the majority-carried the point, and here i am." Walls of brass-resist not A noble undertaking,-nor can vice- Lovers say, the heart-hath treble wrong, coverably lost. 11. Use soft words, and hard arguments. 12. A full purse never lacks friends. Dissimulation. Dissimulation in youth, is the forerunner of perfidy in old age; its first appearance-is the fatal omen of growing depravity, and future shame. It degrades parts and learning, obscures the lustre o. every accomplishment, and sinks us into contempt. The path of falsehood is a perplexing maze. After the first departure from sincerity, it is not in our power to stop; one artifice unavoidably leads on to another; till, as the intricacy of the labyrinth increases, we are left entangled in our snare. VARIETIES. Pain-is perfect misery, the worst of evils; Looks thro' the darkness of the gloomy night, Thou sun, said I, fair light! 271. RYTHM-poetical measure, or verse; Proverbs. 1. Truth-is but another name-for of which there are various kinds. Prose-is fact. 2. There is a mental, as well as civil comman's natural language, which is rather monwealth. 3. The end of learning, is usefulloose and unconfined. Poetry-originates in ness,-not reputation. 4. Study the principles of the affections, prose in the thoughts, of the things, as well as their uses. 5. Common sense human mind; tho' some poems are occasion--which is very un-common, is the best sense ally prosaic, and some prose-poetic: feel- in the world. 6. No one can hit a mark, without ing predominates in the former,-thought, aiming at it; and skill is acquired, by repeated in the latter. Our rules for reading and attempts. 7. Never do anything with indifference; and do everything as perfectly as possible. 8 speaking are the same, whether in prose or poetry: for in all cases, the manner must be Never cut out a piece of a newspaper, till you adapted to the matter; the sound to the have looked on the other side. 9. In prosperity, -prepare for a change; in adversity,-hope for sense in other words, the mind's perception one. 10. Haste-is a poor apology; take time, and and feeling of the matter, must dictate the ap- do your work well. 11. Personal effort-seldom propriate manner; "suit the action to the fails to obtain its object. 12. Some people never word, the word to the action; and o'erstep have enough. not the modesty of nature." Yon cloud is bright, and beautiful-it floats Autumn. It was a glorious day in autumn. The sky, of unsullied blue, glowed like a sapphire. The universal air-was fillThe stars seem hung like pearls: it looks as pure ed with stillness. Not a breeze whisperedAs 'twere an angel's shroud,-the white cymar not a bird flapped its wing. It was the triOf purity, just peeping through its folds umph of repose--when the undying energies To give a pitying look-on this sad world. of man--slumbered for a moment,--when Go visit it, and find, that all is false; even the conflict of his passions was suspendIts glories-are but fog, and its white form ed. Beautiful, melancholy autumn! whose Is plighted to some coming thunder-gust ;-ruddy ripeness-whispers of decay; whose The rain, the wind, the lightning, have their source In such bright meetings. Gaze not at the clouds, richest tints-mingle with the "sear and yel However beautiful. Gaze at the sky, low leaf," as if the lusty year-had toilea The clear, blue, tranquil, fixed, and glorious sky. through youth and manhood for wealth, 272. AGRICULTURE-is the art of cultiva- which overflows, just when waning life-inting the ground; it includes, also, the rear-dicates, that the power of enjoyment—is pass ing and management of domestic animals; ing away. it is sometimes called Farming, and Husbandry: and, although simple in its operations, it derives great benefit from Machinery, -whence it takes its implements; from Chemistry, whence it derives a knowledge of soils, and the means of fertilizing them; from Botany,-which teaches a knowledge of the plants to be cultivated or destroyed; and from Zoology-which teaches the habits and peculiarities of the animals it rears, and the means of improving them for use-and-depending, apparently, on contingent cirprofit. Anecdote. Kosciusko, the hero of Poland, wishing to make a present to a Clergyman, sent it by a young man, and desired him to take the horse, which he himself usually rode. In his return, the young man said-he would never ride his horse again, unless he gave his purse at the same time; for, said he, "as soon as a poor man on the road takes off his hat, and asks charity, the horse immediately stops, and will not stir, till something is given the petitioner; and as I had but little money with me, I was obliged, when it was gone, to feign giving something, in order to satisfy the horse." Cursed be your senate; cursed your constitution; Varieties. 1. What is the difference- cumstances, to be accounted for? 6. Only Such fears-may prove but vain : We part, to meet again. To souls, that heavenward soar ; Proverbs. 1. Never begin things, and then leave them unfinished. 2. Have a place for every thing: and when you have used it, put it back again. 3. Proverbs-bear age; and he, who would do well, may see himself in them, as in a lookingglass. 4. Politeness-costs nothing, and may do much good. 5. Tediousness-is often fatal to our object. 6. Where there is no hope, there is no endeavor. 7. Unequal friendships-are easily dissolved. 8. Sloth-consumes faster than labor. 9. Lost time-is never found again; and time enough 273. The three philosophical divisions of Poetry (as well as of Prose) in relation to the mind, are--RELIGIOUS, having reference to the supreme Being, and what is above us in the scale of creation; the soCIAL and CIVI, or middle; what is around us, and within, relating to the great family of man: and the external, which refers, principally, to the kingdom of Nature, which is below us; viz the animal, vegetable, and mineral: (do not include mankind in the animal king-yet, is always little enough. 10. Industry-pay? do; they are human; it is sensualism which has degraded man to rank with animals.) The common divisions of Poetry are --Pastoral, Lyric, Didactic, Satire, Sonnets, Descriptive, Epic, Tragic, and Comic; to which some add, Sacred, Classic, Romantic, Elegiac, Mythologic, Eclogue, Ballad, and Epitaph. 274. Management of the Breath. From what we have said, you see the importance of attending to this subject. Very few persons-breathe sufficiently often, when reading, speaking, or singing. All the directions the author has seen on this subject-are at debts; despair-increases them. 11. Troops of fu ries-march in the drunkard's triumph. 12. Suc cess-consecrates the foulest crimes. Anecdote. The Boys and Frogs. L'Es trange tells us, in his fables, that a number of boys were one day watching frogs at the side of a pond; and that when any of them put their heads above the water, the boys pelted them down again, with stones. One of the frogs, appealing to the humanity of the boys, made this striking observation,"Children, you do not consider, that though this may be sport to you, it is death to us." Folly and Wisdom. Muny parentslabor hard, and live sparingly, that they may give their children a start in the world: but setting a son afloat with money left to himis like tying bladders under the arms of one who cannot swim; and ten to one he will drown; but teach him to swim, and he will never need bladders: give a child a good edu cation, and it will give him such a start-as will secure usefulness and victory in the race he is to run. variance with truth and nature. There are a few instances, when a long breath is necessary; but they are very rare. To acquire a long breath, exercise on all the difficulties of respiration, and pursue a similar course for strengthening a weak voice; also, practice long quantity, walking up hill, and running, when reciting. In the following, breathe at least once, while reading each period. "He died young, (breathe,) but he died happy. His friends have not had him long, (breathe,) but his death-(breathe) is the greatest Varieties. 1. Is it possible-for a created trouble and grief, (breathe,) they ever had. being to merit any thing-at the hands of He has enjoyed the sweets of the world- God? 2. The instincts of animals—are their breathe,) only for a little while, (breathe,) laws of life; they seem to be sensible of their but he never tasted its bitters." The writer ends of being, and the means of attaining is aware of being, in this respect, in opposi- them. 3. Truth-is that resemblance to, or tion to authorities; but he cannot be influ- conformity with Nature, that is presented to enced by that, so long as he is persuaded that the mind, by the relation of ideas, whether truth and nature are with him. If one does simple, or complex. 4. There is a divinity— not breathe sufficiently often, he will be al- shapes our ends, rough hew them as we will. most sure to speak too rapidly: and, as the 5. "Tis better, to be lowly born, and range object of Elocution is--to convince and per- with humble livers-in content, than to be suade, how can one expect to do this, if he pricked up-in glittering grief, and wear a does not give his hearers time to think, or golden sorrow. 6. Whatever is seen, by the reason, about what he says? How can a bodily eye, or perceived by the outward senses, jury-keep pace with a lawyer, whose lan-is but an effect-from the spiritual world, and guage rides post-haste? If his reason, and arguments, are hurled upon the ear, like flashes of lightning upon the eye, how can they be remembered, or produce the intended effect? If one does not breathe at the proper times and places, the sense is not fully conveyed, and the lungs are injuriously affected. Too unfrequent breathing, and rapid speaking, must be avoided; but beware of the opposite extreme, unless you wish to lull your hearers to sleep. Ask of mother earth-why oaks-were made- 7 a true representative of some principle there in, and proper to it; for that world is in the human soul,-and mind. I ramble-by the evening sea The light-house-glimmering from afur Or brightly gleams the plashing oar, The billow-murmuring on the shore, not submit to them. 7. It is wise-to derive know 275. Emphasis. This is a very impor- Proverbs. 1. Every act of violence--lead» tant part of our subject; and unless the pu- to difficult results. 2. The house of a true friend pil is certain, that he perfectly understands is always a sure asylum. 3. It is sweet-to soothe Accent, he is advised to review it again. Ac- the wretched, and mitigate their misfortunes 4 He cented syllables, are to other syllables, in the has done the mischief, and I bear the blame. 5. same word, what emphatic syllables, are to It is common to fools—to mention their neighbor's words in the same sentence, hence, it may Endeavor to conquer adverse circumstances; and faults; while they are forgetful of their own. 6 be seen, that as the idea-is always associated with the accented vowel, and changes, when the seat of accent is changed; as in Au-gust, and au-gust; so, the mind's eyealways accompanies the emphatic word Ex. Doctor Johnson, (says Cicero,) was a great orator. Thus emphasised, we make Cicero say, that Dr. Johnson-was a great orator. Corrected, thus: Dr. Johnson says-Cicero was a great orator. Practice on this sentence, till every thing appertaining to correct emphasis is familiar. All the words in this book, printed in different type, are more or less emphatic: and some are emphatic that are in the common type. 276. Emphasis-is an increase of accent on the accented vowels of important words, the more perfectly to convey the sense of the author. There are only Two WAYS of making it which are the same as in accent; viz: by STRESS and QUANTITY. First, by stress: Ex. 1. The difference between what is true -and false, good and evil, is very great. 2. Some reports are true: others-are false. 3. Truth tells us, that certain affections are evil but False says, they are good. 4. Good men-love, and practice, what is good and true; but wicked men-love, and practice, what is false, and evil. 5. Heavenconsists of all that is good and true; but Hell-consists of all that is false, and evil. 277. Horticulture--or Gardening, is the art of preparing and cultivating gardens, including pleasure-grounds, and ornamental shrubbery: its close relation to Agriculture, renders it difficult to distinguish between them. As involving principles of taste, and elements of beauty, it may be classed with the Fine Arts; but its connection with the Useful Arts--presents a stronger relation; and, whether considered in reference to usefulness, or ornament, it deserves much attention, and exerts a salutary influence over its volaries. Anecdote. Working a Passage. An Irishman, having applied to work his passage on a canal-boat, and being employed to lead the horses on the tow-path; on arriving at the place of destination, declared he would sooner go on foot, than work his passage in America. Honest index-of the soul, Pleasure's seat,-Love's favorite throne, ledge, even from an enemy. 8. He, who flies froir judgment, confesses the crime imputed to him. 9. We are generally willing to believe-what we wish to be true. 10. Let justice be done, tho' the heavens fall. 11. The more riches a fool has, the foolisher he is. 12. When the heart-is past hope, the face-is past shame. 13. Despair-has ruined many a one. Philosophy of Mind. No philosophy of the mind can be valuable, that does not propose an inquiry into the connection between mind and matter. Attention to the subject of our own consciousness, alone, excludes the possibility of their being well observed, because the conditions of their being well seen are neglected. That there is a direct connection between mind and matter, the soul and body, is an indisputable fact; and it is perfectly idle, to pretend to examine the qualities of the former, without reference to the latter. The comprehension of the action of mind and the reaction of matter, involves the true principles of Intellectual Philosophy and Psychology. Varieties. 1. Which is the most desirable, to know and understand much; or, to make a right use of what we know and understand? 2. The Jew-asks a sign; the Greeks-seek after wisdom. 3. Do not the shadows of great thoughts, sometimes fall on our minds? Who friendship-with a knave has made 5. Envy no man's good, or truth: seek not to be him. If less than thee, give that which he asketh of thee, at all times; if more than thee, envy not: neither seek to depreciate; and beware of rashly condemning what is above thee,-lest thou materially hurt thyself. 6. We may as soon take fire-into the bo som, without being burned, or touch tar without being defiled, as to frequent and aɛ. laght in-bad company, without a stain upon our moral character. MY SISTER. Mine eyes-have seen the beautiful, Mine ears-have heard their thrilling voice 278. INVOLUNTARY EFFORTS. Let no one imagine, that it is the design of this system to make arbitrary readers, and speakers; far from it: if the system were not founded in NATURE, such might be the result. By making use of the principles here developed, we return to truth and nature; provided we have wandered from them; consequently, the effort becomes involuntary: as was the case with the whistling of little Jimmy, in school; who, when his teacher was about to correct him, exclaimed, "No, no; it was not I that whistled, it whistled itself." No one can be a good reader, or speaker, till the effort becomes involuntary; he must will, and it shall be done. Unfortunately, some think they must do some great thing; whereas, they have only to wash, and be clean. Proverbs. 1. It is well not caly to seem pure; but, to be pure. 2. Aim at desert, rather than reward. 3. If you are in a thriving way, stick to it, and let well enough, alone. 4. Trifles-often de cide much-concerning the character of a person. 5. Believe yourself capable of learning what others have learned. 6. Avoid all extremes; and liv, and act, in the golden medium. 7. The loaded tree- always bends with its fruits; as virtusstoops beneath humility. 8. Without frugan.y, none can be rich; and with it-few can be poor. 9. The used key-is always bright. 10. Man is a being who makes bargains; one dog never exchanges bones with another dog. 11. You can de it, if you only think so, and try. 12. Quick believers--need broad shoulders. "what new character he ought to appear in?" "New character," said the other," suppose you go sober, my lord." He took the hint of the comedian, and actually reformed. Anecdote. New Character. Lord Hardy, who was so much addicted to the bottle, as to be always under the influence of liquor, pre279. EPIC, or heroic poetry, has for its sub-vious to a masquerade night, inquired of Foot, Ject the exploits of some hero, or heroes, of national celebrity; Lyric poetry is designed to be set to music, as psalms, hymns, odes and songs; Elegiac poetry involves solemn, or mournful subjects; Epitaphs are inscriptions on tomb-stones; Pastoral poetry treats of rural affairs, and the social affections; it is appropriate to shepherds; Didactic poetry is designed to convey instruction; Satyric poetry is for reproving the vices, errors and follies of the world, by holding them up to ridicule; Descriptive poetry describes interesting subjects, mental or natural; and Romantic poetry has for its subjects, tales, romances, and novels, probable, or supernat ural. 280. CAUSE AND EFFECT. Such are the defects of our education, that we are brought up almost as ignorant of our bodies and minds, as of the man in the moon: the consequence is, we are imposed upon by the shoe-maker, the tailor, the manlua-maker, the carpenter and joiner, the cabinet-maker, the miller and baker, the cook and the washer, and by almost every body else: we are a race of abusers of one another. When we get a pair of shoes, the first question is, how well do they look? So also of the coat and dress, the house, the chair, the flour, and bread, &c., &c. Oh, when shall we be wise, and understand the things that so nearly concern our temporal welfare? Having eyes, we see not aright; naving ears we hear wrong: our feelings, taste, and smell-betray us, because they are perverted. The enemy comes in upon us like a flood, and who will lift up a standard against him? GENERATIONS OF MAN. Like leaves on trees-the race of man is found, Industry. If industry is no more than habit, 'tis at least an excellent one. "If you ask me, which is the real hereditary sin of human nature, do you imagine I shall answer pride, or luxury, or ambition, or egotism? No; I shall say-indolence. Who conquers indolence, will conquer all the rest." Indeed, all good principles must stagnate, without mental activity. Varieties. 1. A prime minister -was asked, how he could perform such a vast amount of business, and yet, have so much leisure? He replied, I do every thing at the time. 2. Would wings-be folded in the worm, if they were not one day to enable it to fly? 3. The perfection of religion and science-will be united; their sphere of operation ascertained, and their periods of vicissitudes known in that better age, which is approaching. Let fools-the studious despise; Whatever perils-inay alarm us, 6. Pure, and undefiled religion, is the sheet - There is a voice-I shall hear no more— |