Facilities for small-scale experimental work: Constant-head supply tanks.

First floor: Supply from 40-foot diameter steel forebay, through 30-inch supply line running length of building and available for supplying the second as well as the first story experiments.24

First floor: Supply from concrete forebay through 30 and 20 inch pipe line under the first floor. Second floor: One large constant-head tank of 3 compartments for supplying 20, 10, and 10 cubic feet per second, respectively.

Third floor: One small constant-head tank of 2 compartments for supplying up to 10 cubic feet per second each.25

20 Test pits very few, borings inconclusive. The term "firm" rock, as used by the Bureau staff in designating the character of the rock upon which they propose to rest the
foundations of the building, is misleading. This rock, classified as "firm," is a decomposed granite similar to the overlying decomposed material, but slightly harder, as indicated
by greater resistance to penetration by the drill. The two deep test pits were refilled before I had opportunity to personally examine the material in situ. I desired opportunity
to examine it in conference with Doctor White or other experts from the United States Geological Survey. I have conferred repeatedly with Doctor Stratton about foundation
conditions found at the present Bureau buildings built under his supervision, and have studied supposedly similar material at excavations in the vicinity. Samples, taken at the
elevation of this so-called "firm" rock, after having been exposed to the atmosphere a few weeks, present only slightly different characteristics from the so-called decomposed rock
at 8 or 10 feet higher elevation. Samples from both elevations are readily crumbled in one's fingers, and present a more or less granular appearance. In no case does it appear that
foundations as proposed by the Bureau staff, will reach really "solid" rock that is not more or less decomposed. It appears from inspection of near-by quarries in this vicinity, and
information from engineers and architects acquainted with the material, that the underlying rock below the layer of decomposed material, is broken into relatively small, irregular
That these blocks of rock may be subject to movement along cracks and joint planes, is indicated by experiences at the
new power house. The Bureau's plant engineer states that the power house is founded on this so-called "solid" rock, movement of which has already caused serious cracking of
sharp-edged blocks with fault planes running in all directions.
the floors and walls near the east end of this building, such that he believes an overlying cushion of the decomposed rock gives better support. This decomposed rock is a rather
dense, closely packed material capable of supporting more than ordinary earth material. It is not subject to slippage. One should not be misled by a casual inspection of the
natural ground surface which is a clayey loam and quite slippery when moist. In view of the above conditions it seems logical and wise to keep the foundations on a cushioning
layer of the decomposed rock, and that any expense involved in carrying the foundation walls 10 to 15 feet deeper than the structure itself requires, is a needless waste of money that
is very urgently needed in the building and equipment.

21 The ground covered by the Bureau is shown by size of trees to be in the same state (free of dumped material) as when Bureau of Standards was established. The weight
removed by excavation to foundation bottom will be greater than that imposed by the new structures; therefore, no settlement is to be feared, if bottom course is properly placed.
Actual load on earth in nearly all places will be smaller than it has carried for perhaps thousands of years. The concrete foundation walls of J. R. Freeman design to be specially
reinforced for distributing loads. Concrete foundation walls contain a very large amount of reinforcing steel designed to cause them to act as strong girders in distributing the load.
22 Open access for research.

23 J. R. Freeman regards it highly desirable that the large centrifugal pump be so placed and so provided with windows for observations on cavitation and turbulence that it can add
important practical knowledge helpful to the theory and improvement of such pumps, and regards it extremely desirable that the detailed design of the large pumps be deferred
for a year or more until researches can be made with small-model pumps, analogous to those made on models of ship propellers, which are resulting in great improvement in
24 It is proposed to provide several portable individual, self-contained, constant-head tanks and measuring weir boxes, with pump and supply reservoir combined. These units
can readily be moved by crane to any desired location. Constant-head tanks of a permanent nature can be provided at any time if it is found desirable, much the same as those
efficiency.
25 It is understood that one or two of the individual constant-head units (self-contained and portable) as proposed by John R. Freeman, are being considered as desirable pieces
of equipment. One undesirable feature of the layout of permanent constant-head tanks as proposed in the Bureau design is that when the units in the third story are being
proposed in the Bureau design.
used, one or more of the compartments of the second story constant-head tank are rendered more or less useless for experimental work because of the fact that they are used as
supply basins for the third floor pumps,

It seems plain to John R. Freeman, from inspection, that the Bureau of Standards' design No. 2 per plans of February 3, 1931, contained so much more concrete and intricate form work, that it will be more costly (possibly $50,000 in excess of John R. Freeman's design No. 4), and therefore that it will have to be cut greatly from plans as sketched on February 3, thereby rendering the laboratory of the Bureau's design still more inferior in capacity for large-scale fundamental research to the John R. Freeman design.

QUICK-SWINGING DIVERTING GATE

AT END OF MAIN FLUME

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES

THE PROGRAM OF COOPERATION OF THE
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WITH THE STATES
IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND
VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION
OF THE DISABLED

PRESENTED BY MR. SHEPPARD

FEBRUARY 17 (calendar day, FEBRUARY 26), 1931.-Ordered
to be printed

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1931

SD-71-3-VOL 15-22

PREPARED BY

GEORGE J. SCHULZ

LEGISLATIVE REFERENCE SERVICE

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

H. H. B. MEYER, DIRECTOR

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES1

In 1926, the last year for which the United States Bureau of Education has complete data, there was expended in the United States, including a part of the Philippine Islands and Hawaii, for all kinds of education elementary, high-school, and college—more than $3,000,000,000. Of this total there was expended for vocational education by the Federal, State, and local governments $23,181,700, or just a fraction less than nine-tenths of 1 per cent of the whole. Stated in other terms this means an expenditure of only $1 for vocational education for each $100 expended for education of all kinds. Of a total population of approximately 123,000,000 persons in 1930, approximately 45,000,000 are engaged in gainful occupations. Of this 45,000,000, 92 per cent work with their hands, the remaining 8 per cent being made up of the professional, the executive, and the managerial groups.

In designating certain workers as those who work with their hands it is not meant to draw any fast and hard line of demarcation between the professional and the so-called nonprofessional groups. As a matter of fact, both groups are engaged in the exercise of both mental and manual faculties, with emphasis ranging from a preponderance of the manual faculties on one end of the scale graduated to a preponderance of mental faculties on the other. Certainly it is not correct to say that those who are engaged in pursuits which require a preponderance of the exercise of the manual faculties can perform their duties without training which simultaneously involves the exercise of their mental faculties. The distinction is one rather of convenience than of characterization. It is not true of any employment, however humble and manual in character that no exercise of intelligence is involved, nor on the other hand is there any employment however largely administrative or executive it may be which does not involve some manual or physical exertion. All work requires some intelligence and training or experience, some work requires much training and experience. Moreover, it is true that one way of training the brain is through training the hand, and one way of training the hand is through training the brain. There is no artificial separation in the human physique of brawn and brain. They must be trained and exercised together.

Of the 45,000,000 persons gainfully employed under normal conditions it is estimated that to-day more than 4,000,000, or approximately 10 per cent, are without employment of any kind, being economically dependent either upon their families or public or private charity.

From fairly reliable sources the number of unemployed has been given as varying from between four to six millions. The exact number is not known. And yet, as indicated, the United States expends

1 This study prepared at, and in accordance with, the request of Senator Morris Sheppard, is based upon the researches of the Federal Board for Vocational Education and the President's Employment Commission.