Bilbo's expulsion for perjury only lacked one the men were still out at the end of the year, vote of a two-thirds majority. Immediately under orders of the federation, without hope of after the election in August, 1911, Senator winning the contest. The conduct of the miliPercy in a card announced that he would resign tia, both men and officers, was most creditable in January unless the campaign abusiveness was during their long and trying garrison duty at so continued that he would feey compelled by McComb and Water Valley. self respect to serve out his term. In a personal privilege speech in the Senate December 11 Senator Percy replied to attacks made upon him in magazine articles and speeches. He challenged a partisan State legislature to an investigation of the charges against himself and the legislature that had elected him, and recalled his expressed intention of resigning. In November papers were filed at Jackson in a suit brought by the commonwealth against Senator-elect Vardaman, alleging misuse of public moneys. The suit was brought in behalf of the attorney for the State. Its object was to compel an accounting with respect to the contingent fund of the State, the Spanish-American War fund, and other public moneys, alleged to have been received by Mr. Vardaman during his term of office as governor, 1904-1908, and also to recover interest on certain State bonds, sold in 1906 and antedated. It was also alleged in had made complaint that Mr. Vardaman overcharges in connection with his visits to State institutions, and that the State moneys were combined with his private funds during his term of office. The suit in relation to these charges was pending at the end of the year. A large majority of the legislature and some of the State officers were elected on this senatorial issue. The governor, Earl Brewer, was not, as he had no opposition. OTHER EVENTS. An industrial movement of significance in the year's annals of the State was the adoption of a colonization policy by some of the large lumber companies, which had bought up pine lands in northeast Mississippi years ago. Having cleared large tracts of this timber, they now prepared to settle the "cut over" lands with small farmers" from the North and from Europe. Settlements have already been effected under favorable auspices and will probably tend to important and beneficial changes in this pine land section. The most serious labor strike that ever occurred in the State was called by the machinists and boilermakers' unions, after the Harriman line railroads, including the Illinois Central and the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley had refused federation recognition. STATE OFFICERS. Governor, Earl Brewer; Lieutenant-Governor, Theodore G. Bilbo; Secretary of State, J. W. Power; Treasurer, P. S. Stovall; Auditor, D. L. Thompson; Superintendent of Education, J. N. Powers; Attorney-General, Ross A. Collins; Adjutant-General, Arthur Fridge; Land Commissioner, M. A. Brown; Commissioner of Agriculture, H. E. Blakeslee; Commissioner of Insurance, T. M. Henry-all Democrats. JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: Chief Justice, ture is wholly Democratic. The representatives in Congress will be found in the article UNITED STATES, Congress. VALLEY, DRAINAGE MISSISSIPPI OF. MISSOURI. POPULATION. The Thirteenth Census, taken in 1910, showed the population of the State in that year as 3,392,335, as compared with 3,106,665 in 1900, an increase of 186,670, or 6 per cent. in the decade. The principal cities, with their population in 1910 and 1900, are as follows (the figures in parentheses are for 1900); St. Louis, 687.029; (575,238); Kansas City, 248,361 (165,752); Hannibal, 18,341 (12,780); Joplin, 32,073 (26,023); Sedalia, 17,822 (15,231). com AGRICULTURE. The Thirteenth Census included statistics of agriculture. These are of date of April 15, 1910. On that date the farms in the State numbered 277,244, as compared with 284,886 in 1900, a decrease of 7642. The land in farms was 34,591,248 acres, as pared with 33,997,873 in 1900. The improved land in farms was 24,581,186, compared with 22,900,043 in 1900. The average acreage per farm was 124.8, compared with 119.3 in 1900. The value of all farm property, including land, buildings, implements and machinery, domestic animals, poultry, and bees, was $2,052,917,488, as compared with $1,033,121,897 in 1900, an increase of 98.7 per cent. The average value of The men walked out of the shops at Vicks- all property per farm was $7405, as compared burg, McComb City, and Water Valley with with a value of $3626 in 1900. The average remarkable alacrity and unanimity in Septem- value of land per acre was $41.80 ($20.46 in ber. Although they alleged no grievance as to 1900). Of the 277,244 farms in the State, 194,wages, time of labor, or anything affecting 286 were operated by owners and managers, and their personal interests, many surrendered pen- 82,958 by tenants. Of the farms operated by sion claims, in some cases where they had owners, those free from mortgage numbered 102,almost been earned. The introduction of other 514; those under mortgage, 88,486. The native labor was violently resisted, especially at Me- white farmers numbered 259,111; foreign-born Comb, where nearly a thousand men went whites, 14,467; negroes and other non-whites, on strike. Several hundred of the State Na- 3666. Of the non-whites all excepting 9 Intional Guard were stationed at McComb, with dians and 1 Japanese were negroes. The value a smaller body at Water Valley. Deputy of the various kind of domestic animals, poulUnited States marshals were also stationed try, and bees in 1910 was $285,839,108, as comat these points to enforce a federal injunc- pared with a value of $160,540,004 in 1900. tion against interference with railroad em- The cattle numbered 2,561,482, valued at $72,ployees and operations. In Vicksburg the 883.664; horses and colts, 1,073,387, valued at local authorities dealt with the troubles, but $113,976,563; mules, 342,700, valued at $43,not with the best results, the shop men not 438,702; swine, 4.438.194, valued at $31,937,daring to leave the shops without risk of 573; sheep and lambs, 1.811.268, valued at assault. Though the strike proved fruitless, $7,888,828; poultry of all kinds numbered 20, 897,208, valued at $11,870,972. The acreage, production, and value of the principal crops will be found in the following table: was ity of the statute of the State of Missouri making it a misdemeanor for a broker to deduct from the actual weight of grain, seed, hay, or coal or any other articles for sale for alleged loss in dirt or handling. The statute Prod., bu. Value passed in 1909. At the same time the court 7,400,000 192,400,000 $115,440,000 7,500,000 247,500,000 108,900,000 upheld the constitutionality of the State law 2,300,000 36,110,000 31,777,000 imposing a stamp tax on board of trade trans1,881,000 25,958,000 22,583,000 actions. 1,200,000 17,760,000 Acreage 1,200,000 16,000 40,320,000 226,000 270,000 2,565,000 8,600,000 a 1,458,000 3,510,000 b 4,800,000 8,400,000 7,992,000 MINERAL PRODUCTION. The total mineral products of the State in 1910 were valued at $52,640,054. Of this, the lead produced was valued at $14,225,992; zinc, $15,190,416; clay products, $7,087,766; coal, $5,328,285. Other important products are sand and gravel, stone and glass-sand. The production of coal in 1910 was 2,982,433 short tons, compared with 3,756,530 short tons in 1909, a decrease of about 20 per cent. This was due to the strike which began on April 1, and was not officially ended until September 15. The total number of men employed in the coal mines of the State during the year was 9691. Of these 7774 were on strike. The iron ore mined in the State in 1910 amounted to 78,341 tons, valued at 168,697 (89,954 tons, valued at $210,853, in 1909). 12,902,000 LEGISLATION. The important measures passed FINANCE. The report of the State treasurer for the year 1910 showed a balance at the end of the year of $1,403,648. The receipts for the year amounted to $10,005,610, and there was a balance in the treasury on January 1, 1911, of $200,557. EDUCATION. The total number of pupils of school age in the State was 1,003,434. Of these 960,535 were white. The total enrollment was 707,031. The teachers employed numbered 18,365, of whom 17,582 were white. The annual salary for male teachers was $543.93; for female teachers, $406.55. The total expenditure for schools during the year was $13,905,188. CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The charitable and correctional institutions of the State include the State hospitals, School for the Blind, School for the Deaf and Dumb, Industrial Home for Girls, Missouri State Sanitarium, and a colony for feeble-minded. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT The State legislature met in 1911, and the most important measures enacted are noted in the paragraph Legislation below. On January 17 James A. Reed was elected United States senator by the legislature to succeed Senator Warren, whose term had expired. Senator Reed was the successful candidate in the Democratic primaries of 1910, defeating David R. Frances for the nomination. The action of the legislature was therefore in ratification of the votes of the people. There were no State elections during the year. On January 9 the Supreme Court of the United States, in an opinion written by Associate Justice Harlan, upheld the constitutional The STATE OFFICERS. Governor, Herbert S. Hadley; Lieutenant-Governor, J. F. Gmelich; Secretary of State, Cornelius Roach; Auditor, John P. Gordon; Treasurer, James Cowgill; AttorneyGeneral, Elliott W. Major; Superintendent of Education, William P. Evans; Adjutant-General, F. M. Rumbold; Commissioner of Insurance, Frank Blake-all Democrats except Hadley, Gmelich, Rumbold, Blake, and Evans, Republicans. JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: Chief Justice, Leroy B. Valliant, Democrat; Associate Justices, Henry Lamm, Republican; Walter W. Graves, Democrat; Franklin Ferriss, Republican; A. M. Woodson, Democrat; John Kennish, Republican; John C. Brown, Republican; Clerk, J. D. Allen, Democrat. STATE LEGISLATURE, 1912. Democrats, Senate, 22; House, 82; joint ballot, 104. Republicans, Senate, 12; House, 60; joint ballot, 72. Democratic majority, Senate, 10; House, 22; joint ballot, 32. The representatives in Congress will be found in the article UNITED STATES, section Congress. MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF. An institution of higher learning at Columbia, Mo., founded in 1839. The students enrolled in the various departments of the university, including the School of Mines, in the year 1910-11 was 3114. The members of the faculty of regular teaching grade numbered 259. During the year 1910-11 chairs of preventive medicine, forestry, and poultry husbandry were established at the university, together with a special course for women leading to the regular bachelor of science degree in agriculture. New chairs were also added in political science, economics, and Latin. A veterinary building, at a cost of $32,500, has been completed at Columbia, and a new wing has been added to the ore dressing building at the School of Mines. A unique departure is the adoption of a rule that no student having less than twenty-four hours credit toward graduation can become a member of any fraternity or sorority, or live in any fraternity or sorority chapter house. Among the additions to the faculty were the following: Walter Miller was appointed professor of Latin; J. A. Ferguson of the Yale Forestry School was made the head of the newly established chair of forestry; R. H. Baker, formerly of Brown University, was appointed assistant professor of astronomy and director of the Laws Observatory; G. S. Dodds was appointed instructor in zoology. The productive funds of the university amounted to $1,258,839, and the total income to about $850,000. The larger portion of this was appropriated by the State. Beginning with the autumn of 1911, two years of college work in addition to a four-years high school course or its equivalent are required for entrance to all departments except the College of Arts and Sciences and the College of Agriculture. The library contains about 110.000 volumes. The president is Albert R. Hill, LL. D. was MITCHELSON, JOSEPH C. An American tobacco grower and numismatist, died September 27, 1911. He was born in 1855. Although he was known as the first man in the United States to take up scientific tobacco growing on an extensive scale, he more widely famous as a keen collector of coins, and was one of the foremost authorities on this subject. His collection of United States coins and presidential medals is said to have been the most complete in existence. His collection, valued at $100,000, has become a permanent exhibit at the Connecticut State Library at Hartford. Mr. Mitchelson was twice made a member of the Assay Commission and he was the first American to become a member of the British Numismatic Society. He was also a member of the American Numismatic Society and of many other scientific and social organizations. As a tobacco grower he was the first MONACO to employ the services of an expert and to take up the scientific growing of tobacco. His crops were all raised under cheese cloth and he adopted and perfected the now approved method of nipping off poor and immature leaves so as to get a perfect uniformity in leaf growth. He discovered that rocky land and apparently poor soil is as good as more costly land for tobacco raising. MITCHELL, S. WEIR. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Fiction. MOBILE. See ALABAMA. MOFFAT, DAVID HALLIDAY. An American banker and railroad builder, died March 18, 1911. He was born in 1839 in Orange county, N. Y. He was educated in the public schools with some instruction from a private tutor. At fifteen years of age he went to New York City, where he secured a position in a bank. He was successively promoted until he became assistant teller. In 1855 he went to Iowa, where he obtained a position in a bank in Des Moines. He left this to accept a position as cashier in the Bank of Nebraska. Hearing stories of the finding of gold in Colorado in 1860 he started in a prairie schooner for that State. Arriving at Denver, he established a book-selling firm under the name Moffat & Woolworth. He prospered in business, and in the meantime made a great deal of money by buying gold bullion to ship East. At the end of the Civil War the First National Bank had been established in Denver, and Moffat was, two years after its founding, made cashier. He became its president and continued in this office until the time of his death. The bank is, at the present time, the richest in Colorado. In the late seventies he entered the mining field and acquired mining properties until he was the owner of several of the richest mines in Colorado. It was said that he was interested in nearly one hundred mines and had holdings in nearly every mining camp in the State. He was best known, however, as a railroad builder. He built as an independent enterprise the Denver Northwestern Pacific Railroad, which is known as the Moffat Road. He also coöperated in the building of the Denver Pacific in 1869. He was president of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad until 1891. He built also the Denver & South Park Railroad. He was a director of the Equitable Life Assurance Society and of several financial institutions in New York City. He was at the time of his death one of the wealthiest financiers of the country. MOHAMMED ALI. See PERSIA. MONACO. A Mediterranean principality 3 miles long by 12 broad. Population 19,121; yearly average of visitors, 1,250,000. The town of Monaco has 2410 inhabitants; La Condamine, 6218; Monte Carlo, 3794. Reiging prince, Albert, born November 13, 1848. Heir-apparent, Prince Louis, born July 12, 1870. The new constitution, drawn up by three French jurisconsults, was promulgated January 7, 1911. It provides for a national council of twenty-one members, elected by universal suffrage every four years. The prince as executive acts through a ministry, assisted by a council of state. The three communes into which the principality is divided are governed by municipal bodies in whose election women participate. For national bank circulation see NATIONAL BANKS; see also Banking Reform under BANKS AND BANKING. MONEY ORDER SYSTEM, BANK. See BANKS AND Banking. History. Thirteenth MONGOLIA, See CHINESE EMPIRE. MOINIER, General. See MOROCCO. MONIS, M. See FRANCE. MONOPLANE. See AERONAUTICS. MONTANA. POPULATION. The Census, taken in 1910, showed a population in the State in that year of 376,053, as compared with 243,329 in 1900, an increase of 132,724, or 54.5 per cent. The principal cities, with their population in 1910 and 1900, are as follows (the figures in parentheses are for 1900): Butte, 39,165 (30,470); Great Falls, 13,948 (14,930); Missoula, 12,869 (4366); Helena, 12,515 (10,770); Anaconda, 10,134 (9453). MONARCH. See BATTLESHIPS. paper money was greatest in France-$39.71; in MONETARY COMMISSION. NATIONAL. the United States the per capita amount was This commission, which consisted of nine Sena- $34.59; in the United Kingdom, $17.38; in Italy, tors and nine Representatives, with ex-Senator $13.88; and in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, Aldrich of Rhode Island as chairman, was au- only $12.47. thorized by the Aldrich-Vreeland Emergency Currency act of 1908. It carried on a most elaborate and thoroughgoing investigation into the banking and currency methods and organization in all principal countries. On the basis of these investigations it issued numerous reports and studies forming a complete library of money and banking. Considerable dissatisfaction developed, however, on account of the slowness with which the commission formulated a plan for legislation. On August 20, 1911, Congress passed the Cummins bill providing for the disestablishment of the commission. It was required to submit a full and comprehensive report not later than January 8, 1912, and its existence was to terminate March 1, thereafter. The salaries of members and of government employees serving the commission were terminated at once. Previous to this time the chairman of the commission had presented for public discussion a plan of banking reorganization, generally known as the Aldrich plan, providing for the formation of a national reserve association. Immediately after the passage of the Cummins bill the commission arranged for a series of hearings on this plan. It also appointed a subcommittee to formulate a bill. It was understood that this bill would incorporate the Aldrich plan with possible minor changes. No legislation was anticipated in 1912, however, owing to the far-reaching importance of the plan of reform and the necessity of a long campaign of education. Moreover, an investigation into the so-called Money Trust was about to be ordered by the House at the close of the year. (See TRUSTS.) In addition the country was not satisfied that sufficient safeguards had been made against Wall Street control of the national reserve association through the owner ship of stock of one bank by another. See section on National Banks and Trust Companies under NATIONAL BANKS. For a statement of the Aldrich Plan see Banking Reform under BANKS AND BANKING. AGRICULTURE. The Thirteenth Census included statistics of agriculture. These figures are of date of April 15, 1910. On that date the number of farms in the State was 26,214, compared with 13,370 in 1900. The land in farms was 13,545,603 acres. The improved land in farms was 3,640,309 acres. The average acreage per farm was 516.7. The total value of farm property, including land, buildings, implements and machinery, domestic animals, poultry and bees, was $347,828,770. Of the 26,214 farms 23,870 were operated by owners and managers and 2344 by tenants. Of the farms operated by owners, those free from mortgage numbered 18,014; mortgaged, 4820. The native white farmers numbered 18,165; foreign-born white, 6853, and negro and other non-white, 1196. Of the nonwhite farmers, 1146 were Indians. The value of the various kinds of domestic animals, and of poultry and bees in 1910 was $85,663,187, as compared with a value of $52,161,833 in 1900. The cattle numbered 943,147, valued at $27,474,122; horses and colts, '315,956, valued at $27,115,764; mules, 4174, valued at $445,278; swine, 99,261, valued at $858,829; sheep and lambs, 5,380,746, valued at $29,028,069. The poultry of all kinds numbered 966,690, valued at $628,436. The acreage, production, and value of the principal crops in 1910 and 1911 are shown in the following table: Corn Wheat....1911 Oats Rye 1911 $424,000 1910 350,000 429,000 12,299,000 9,470,000 1910 350,000 7,700,000 6,622,000 8.466,000 6,817,000 132,000 82.000 2,997,000 2,244,000 12,240,000 10,500,000 MONEY. According to data compiled by the Director of the Mint the following amounts of money existed in forty-six principal countries of the world, including dependencies of the British empire, France, and Holland: Gold, $6,604,000,000; silver, $2,599,000,000; and uncovered paper currency, $3,127,600,000. The amount per capita for all of these states was: Gold, $6.40; silver, $2.53; and uncovered paper currency. $3.02, or an aggregate of $11.95. The United States, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, and Italy held 71 per cent. of the total stock of gold, the United States, with $1,710.000.000, or 26 per cent. of the total, having the largest amount, and Italy, Potatoes ..1911 with $264,100,000 having the least amount. These same countries hold 57 per cent. of the stock of silver, the United States with $729,500,000 or 28 per cent. of the total being the greatest amount, and France, with $411,100,000, or about 16 per cent., the next greatest amount. These six countries held 46 per cent. of the uncovered paper currency, the United States, with $786,600,000, or about 35 per cent. of the total, ranking first, and France, with $223,000,000, ranking second. The per capita stock of metallic and Hay a Tons. MINERAL PRODUCTION. The mineral products of the State in 1910 were valued at $54,388,117. Of this, the copper produced was valued at $35.950,966; gold. $3,720,400; silver, $6,632,700: coal, $5.329,322; lead, $147,520; zinc, $1,340.064. The State ranks second in the production of MONTANA copper, being surpassed only by Arizona. The output in 1910 was 283,078,473 pounds, as compared with 314,858,291 pounds in 1909. The production of the metal in the State has steadily increased since 1880. In total production since the beginning of mining the State ranks first. The reduction works at Anaconda and Great Falls treated 4,337,688 tons of ore and other cupriferous material yielding 266,608,461 pounds of copper, 9,534,888 ounces of silver, and 57,259 ounces of gold. employed in the manufacturing industries of the State the hours of labor ranged from 54 to 60 hours per week, or from 9 to 10 hours per day. The following table gives the number of establishments and persons engaged, amounts involved (1909 and 1910), and the per cent. of increase, 1904-1909: Number of establish- manufactures The copper production in 1911 fell about 10,- Persons engaged in 000,000 tons short of the output for 1910. This decrease was due to the policy of curtailment adopted by the companies in the Butte district. Salaried employees.. Extensive developments were carried on in this district, and special attention was given to improving the mine equipment of the units composing the Anaconda Copper Company. These Expenses improvements are expected to reduce materially the cost of producing copper. Wage earners (ay- Services .$44,588,000 21.2 12,955,000 10,158,000 27.5 10,901,000 The coal production of the State in 1910 was 2,920,970 short tons, valued at $5,329,322. This was the greatest amount of coal ever produced Value of products... 73,272,000 in the State in any one year. There were employed in the coal mines of the State 3817 men. The State is a large producer of gold and silver. The production of gold in 1910 was 179,975 fine ounces, valued at $3,720,400. This was a slight increase over the output for 1909. The decrease was in the output from dry or siliceous and coppers ores. The production from placer, lead, and zinc, and copper-lead ores increased. The output of silver in 1910 was 12,162,857 fine ounces, valued at $6,632,700. In 1911 the production of gold was 153,341 fine ounces, valued at $3,169,840. The silver produced in 1911 was 11,116,778 fine ounces, valued at $6,114,228. Montana ranks second to Utah among the States in the production of silver. MANUFACTURES The Thirteenth Census inIcluded statistics of manufactures in the State. These figures cover the calendar year 1909. The chief results of the census will be found summarized in the table below. It will be seen from this that there was a great increase in the number of establishments during the fiveyear period 1904-1909. Although the State is not relatively important as a manufacturing community, manufactures have shown on the whole a considerable increase. The principal industries of the State are mining, agriculture, and stock-raising, and the principal manufacturing industries are those supplemental to its mining interests. The largest number of persons employed in a single industry are those connected with lumber and timber products. In these industries 3106 persons were engaged. In these industries also the largest amount of capital was invested, $6,334,000. Next in point of number are the industries related to cars and general shop construction and repair by steam railroad companies, employing 1913 perIn the manufacture of malt liquors 246 persons were employed, with a capital of $2,440,000; fiour and grist-mill products, 105, with a capital of $2,175,000; printing and publishing, 691 persons, with a capital of $2,111,000; in slaughtering and meat-packing, 105, with a capital of $2,054,000; in bread and other bakery products, 214 persons, with a capital of $1,096,000. Of the 13,694 persons engaged in manufactures, 13,387 were male and 307 female. The persons employed under 16 years of age numbered over 30. For the great majority of the wage earners sons. Value added by 25,485,000 -5.5 CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The charitable and correctional institutions of the State included the State Prison at Deer Lodge, the State Reform School at Miles City, a home for orphans, foundlings, and destitute children at Twin Bridges, a soldiers' home at Columbia Falls, the State Hospital for the Insane at Warm Springs, and the State School for the Deaf and Blind and Feebleminded at Boulder. These are all under the supervision of the State Board of Charities and Reform. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT The chief political event in the history of the State during the year was the attempt, finally successful, to elect a United States senator to succeed Thomas H. Carter. After a deadlock, which lasted from early in January to March 2, Henry L. Myers, judge of the District Court of Ravalli county, was elected. The legislature was Democratic as a result of the 1910 elections. The Republican votes were cast for Senator Carter. LEGISLATION. The important measures passed at the legislative session of 1911 included the following: A stringent white slave law; an act imposing liability upon railroads for injuries sustained by employees, the provisions being similar to those of the federal act on the same subject; an act fixing the rate of interest which may be charged to wage earners; an act authorizing municipalities to adopt the commission form of government; an act to improve the ventilation and sanitary conditions of mines; an act making further provision for the conservation of State lands; an act regulating coal mining; an act establishing juvenile courts and prescribing procedure against juvenile delinquents; an act establishing a tuberculosis sanitarium; a pure food law; a joint resolution approving the income tax amendment to the constitution; a joint resolution asking for the convocation of a convention to propose an amendment to the Constitution of the United States which shall provide for the election of senators by a direct vote of the people. An important measure was also passed in relation to the |