their combinations can be profitably or rightly considered.

It is not to be thought that the same order is always observed, the point is that in rational utterance there is some discernible relation between the predominant purposes.

The student needs to practice for some time on this broader analysis by moods, before taking up the different moods in detail. This stage of the work answers to "outlining" in written rhetoric.

A convenient way of marking the outline analysis by moods is to place upon the margin of the text the following symbols: capital D for Deliberation; S for Discrimination; O for Emotion; and N for Energy. These will indicate the prevailing purpose or mood in the passage so marked. Noticeable secondary elements may be expressed by adding small letters in connection with the capitals. Thus, capital D with small o will mean that the passage is prevailingly Deliberative, but per-、 ceptibly marked with Emotion. Dn will indicate a secondary Energy in the Deliberative passage. Obviously, all the moods may be mingled in this way, and it is practically important to trace these strong secondary elements.

It will sometimes be difficult to decide which is principal and which is subordinate. Thus, for instance, many utterances which seem from their diction to be Deliberative, are yet in their intent somewhat volitional. This is noticeably true of many declarative statements

as to practical duties, responsibilities, and the like.

EXAMPLE.-Public duty in this country is not discharged, as is . The citizen who supposes that

so often supposed, by voting.

he does all his duty when he votes places a premium upon political knavery. -Curtis.

In this case it is difficult, even by studying the context, to decide whether the words are uttered for the purpose of laying down an important truth to be received by the intellect, or of rousing citizens to the discharge of their duty. If the former is the leading motive the utterance is Deliberative; belonging to the strongest type of Deliberation, namely, the Propositional. If the latter, it is Volitional or Energetic. Practically one can usually decide as to the predominance of the two elements, Deliberation and Energy, by noting these differences: Deliberation is didactic; Energy hortatory. Deliberation presents facts rather than truths; Energy deals with truths supposed to be already apprehended, but needing to be impressed. Deliberation is more particular; Energy more general. The one is explanatory; the other appeals to the intuitive perceptions.

The following are good extracts for analysis as to moods: Cassius' instigation of Brutus, in Julius Caesar, Act. I., Scene 2. Brutus' reflections on the assassination, Act II., Scene 1. Cæsar induced to go to the capitol; Act II., Scene 2. The trial scene in the Merchant of Venice, Act IV., Scene I. The Bunker Hill Monument orations and the oration on Adams and Jefferson, by Webster; Burke's speech on American Taxation; Macaulay's essay on Milton and the one on Lord Clive; Thackeray's Roundabout Papers.

Fine extracts are contained in Genung's Hand-book of Rhetorical

Analysis, and some admirable short speeches, entire, in Prof. Frost's Inductive Studies in Oratory. The more miscellaneous, but finely selected, pieces in Cumnock's "Choice Readings," as in a collection under the same title by Fulton and Trueblood, will furnish good material for analysis. In fact, there is practically no limit to good, available literature well suited to this use.

CHAPTER III.

EXPRESSIONAL PARAPHRASING.

Bring me to the test,

And I the matter will re-word; which madness
Would gambol from.

Hamlet III., 4.

THE true purpose in all expressive reading is interpretation. This word, in its original significance, indicates translation. All attempts at interpretation rest upon the essential principle of translating, or carrying over into some familiar realm of experience, observation, and communication, things that are found in some less familiar realm. It is progress from the less known to the better known.

When ideas or thoughts are translated into words other than those in which they are originally found, the process is called literary translation, or paraphrase: when translated into bearing, attitude, and gesture, the process might be called pantomimic paraphrasing; translation into tone becomes vocal paraphrasing, or vocal expression.

Expressional paraphrase should include all the essential elements of literary paraphrase and should add such comments as will reveal the author's purpose in the utterance, and the relations of the speaker or reader to the thought, to the occasion, and to the audience.

That is, Expressional Paraphrase adds to literary the personal and subjective elements of thought, or the reader's personality. This process of paraphrasing, broadly treated, constitutes a large part of the general mental preparation for expressive utterance. It should accompany the analysis by moods, and should be employed freely, even before the different moods of utterance are taken up in detail.

Some of its connections with the various processes of formal rhetoric may be noted. It will largely employ synonyms, but not directly for the purpose of technical study of words; synonymous expressions will be employed, both to test the student's grasp of the thought and to encourage and compel an absorption of the thought. More broadly, paraphrasing in some of its more prominent applications will be found similar and supplemental to some of the fundamental processes of composition and analysis. Thus, condensative paraphrasing corresponds to outlining, paragraphing, and the testing of the unity of thought. Expansive paraphrase, or the mental expansion of the thought, is a practical application of the process of amplification, though much more rapid and economical. Elliptical paraphrasing is one of the finest practical tests for the property of suggestiveness, one of the most important factors in all rhetorical problems.

As a disciplinary study, pursued in this way, its value is certainly not second to that of ordinary rhetoric. It is superior in so far as it demands the practical appli