God hath not cast away his people whom He foreknew.

I impeach him in the name of the Commons of Great Britain. There is no refuge from confession but in suicide, and suicide is confession.

This class may be subdivided thus:

(a) Logically important thought, blending the elements of transition, definition, and weight; its pure type is found in a chain of reasoning.

EXAMPLE. It need not surprise us, that, under circumstances less auspicious, political revolutions elsewhere, even when well intended, have terminated differently. It is, indeed, a great achievement, it is the masterwork of the world, to establish governments entirely popular on lasting foundations; nor is it easy, indeed, to introduce the popular principle at all into governments to which it has been altogether a stranger. It cannot be doubted, however, that Europe has come out of the contest in which she has been so long engaged, with greatly superior knowledge, and, in many respects, in a highly improved condition. Whatever benefit has been acquired is likely to be retained, for it consists mainly in the acquisition of more enlightened ideas. And although kingdoms and provinces may be wrested from the hands that hold them, in the same manner they were obtained; although ordinary and vulgar power may, in human affairs, be lost as it has been won; yet it is the glorious prerogative of the empire of knowledge, that what it gains it never loses. On the contrary, it increases by the multiple of its own power; all its ends become means; all its attainments, helps to new conquests. Its whole abundant harvest is but so much seed wheat, and nothing has limited, and nothing can limit, the amount of ultimate product.— Webster.

(b) Comprehensive or generalized thought, characterized by breadth, fullness, a large suggestiveness.

EXAMPLES.-We live in a most extraordinary age.

The more carefully the structure of this celebrated ministry is examined, the more shall we see reason to marvel at the skill, or the luck, which had combined in one harmonious whole such varied, and, as it

seemed, incompatible elements of force.-Macaulay on The Earl of Chatham.

What, then, is the true and peculiar principle of the American revolution, and of the systems of government which it has confirmed and established?

(c) Conclusive or summarizing thought; reflective, serious, practically important."

EXAMPLES. Wherefore, my beloved brethren, be ye steadfast, unmovable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, forasmuch as ye know that your labor is not vain in the Lord.

Thus the great principle of your Revolutionary fathers, and of your Pilgrim sires, was the rule of his life—the love of liberty protected by law. Everett on Lafayette.

He only is advancing in life whose heart is getting softer, whose blood warmer, whose brain quicker; whose spirit is entering into living peace. And the men who have this life in them are the true kings or lords of the earth-they, and they only.-Ruskin in Sesame and Lilies.

This type (3) is colored with emotion, or energy, or both; its pantomimic representation is the attitude of Force in Repose, Animation or Physical Support, accompanied, often, by the double "revealing," the "affirming," or the "supporting" gesture.

Propositional matter requires slow movement to typify the graver importance and weight. The voice is the strongest, fullest, deepest, most suggestive of ellipsis, and of recapitulation, condensation, and hearty appreciation of the thought. le

The vocal element of “quantity" is here of especial use. Technically, quantity is a prolongation of sounds, observed especially in vowels and in semi-vowel consonants, whereas pause is a distinct cessation of sound.

In mental significance they are also very different. Quantity represents the mind as dwelling on the thought which is at the moment before the attention; pause turns the mind away from the uttered thought to some related thought, or to the relations of the different thoughts expressed in the several groups of words.

It may be well at this point to anticipate somewhat the vocal drill in "quantities” which is given in the chapter on Vocal Technique.

These different types of propositional matter may be helpfully paraphrased by expansion, since they are in themselves condensative rather than amplifying. Any of the above examples may be thus treated for class practice. Such material also as Lincoln's Gettysburg speech, Blaine's Eulogy on Garfield, Webster's Bunker Hill Monument orations, are commended for further study.

CHAPTER VI.

TRANSITIONAL USE.

IN Transitional Matter is included whatever merely connects one division, paragraph, or sentence with another.

EXAMPLES. I therefore, the prisoner of the Lord, beseech you that ye walk worthy of the vocation wherewith ye are called.—Eph. iv. I, forming a transition between the two main divisions of the epistle. And then, besides his unimpeachable character, he had, what is half the power of a popular orator, a majestic presence.—Wendell Phillips on O'Connell.

It must be observed here that we emphasize the word "use." The question is not, in any case, whether the sentence before us is one that might be transitional, or one that we have seen used transitionally in some other connection; but simply, whether it is so used in this connection. It may often happen that words containing in themselves great weight, or words often used propositionally, are in other situations used only in a transitional way. This will occur, e. g., in case of repetition that is made for the sake of resuming a previous thought, or of connecting thoughts. Such are many passages in St. Paul's writings, and one makes a great mistake, when reading a passage as a connected whole, if he pauses to give propositional fullness to words or clauses that are merely transitional, though in other connections they might be full and weighty. In

the nature of the case, any thought connected with such great topics as St. Paul discussed, might be considered propositionally weighty, and it may sometimes be necessary to appear to cheapen slightly the intrinsic significance of a passage, for the sake of putting it into its true position, and giving it its due relative weight. An example of this may be found in Romans xi. 12: "Now if their fall is the riches of the world, and their loss the riches of the Gentiles; how much more their fullness?" In the first and second clauses the words "fall," "riches," "world," "Gentiles," and "fullness," are intrinsically of great weight, but, in their connection, are only resumptive and transitional. Another, at the 16th verse: "If the first fruit is holy, so is the lump, and if the root is holy, so are the branches." The thoughts are intrinsically significant and important, but in their connection they are doubtless assumed as a well-known and easily accepted analogy, leading rapidly to the application of the great principle under discussion, which comes into its due position of importance in the following verse; and the 16th might be thus interpreted by paraphrase: "And as the first fruit and lump are of the same quality, as root and branch are alike, so you, Gentiles (verse 17), being grafted upon the original, Jewish stock, become an essential part thereof." If the transitional thought had been joined to the following proposition by the use of the connectives as and so, or by any other words that we are in the habit of recognizing as connectives, we should