QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES.

What new divisions of participles are you taught in this lesson? What is a transitive participle? Give examples. What is an intransitive participle? Give examples. What is a neuter participle? Give examples. What does the complement of a neuter participle limit? What can you say of the passive participle? Make three neuter sentences, each having an adjective for a complement. Make three neuter sentences, each having a passive participle for its complement. What does the complement of a neuter participle limit?

LESSON XLIX.

379. Parse the nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and participles in the following exercises.

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1. A fearful plague raged in a great city. In the narrow streets where the poor1 were crowded together, the hot breath of the pestilence withered up hundreds 2 in a day. Those not stricken3 down, fled, and left the suffering and the dying to their fate. Terror extinguished all human sympathies.

2. In the midst of these dreadful scenes, a man clad 5 in plain garments—a stranger —approached the plaguestricken city.-Arthur.

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3. Much depends on your pupil's composing, but more on his reading, frequently.—Campbell.

4. There is a rumor of his having defrauded his creditors.

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5. "Locke said, he attributed what little he knew

to his not having " been ashamed to ask for information."

6. There is no necessity for your making 12 such an outcry.

7. His being 13 a thief was due to his early training.14 8. Isaac, being a Jew, would not eat the pork.

9. The soldiers, having been camping in the snow for a month, thought their quarters 15 luxurious.

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380. NOTES AND REFERENCES.- Poor is an adjective pronoun. (See ́ 269.) 2 Hundreds is a noun. 3 What kind of a participle 13 stricken, and what does it limit? Suffering and dying are not true participial nouns. They are adnominal participles standing for nouns suppressed. They might properly be called participial pronouus. Just as adjectives standing for their nouns are called adjective pronouns. In the following example, suffering is a participial noun: Suffering purifies the heart." The difference is plain. The following are examples like the one referred to above:

"And midst the dead and dying."—Norton.

"We relieved the wounded and buried the slain."

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Since there is

Composing is a

What kind of a participle is clad? 6 Seз 122. 7 An adnominal word limiting city. It is composed of a noun and a participle. no verb to derive it from, it is best called an adjective. verbal noun, and pupil's is an adnominal word limiting it—a noun possessive. The same may be said of reading and his. Frequently also limits reading and composing, but it is an adverbial word. It must bo remembered that verbal nouns have two natures; they are nouus retaining the nature of verbs. In their noun nature, they may be limited by adnominal words, and, at the same time, in their verb nature, by adverbial words. IIaving defrauded is a perfect participial (or verbal) noun, essential element of phrase. Ilis is an adnominal word by possession, limiting it. 1o What is an adjective, limiting the adjective pronoun little. It is also a relative pronoun, object of knew. Little is the object of attributed. Having been, a perfect neuter participial (or verbal) noun. The is an

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adjective limiting it in its noun nature, and not is an adverb limiting it

in its verb nature. Ashamed is a passive participle, complement of having been. It is difficult to tell what ashamed limits, though I suppose it limits the pronoun his. 12 Making, a verbal noun, essential element of phrase. 13 Being is a neuter participial (or verbal) noun, and his is a pronoun, adnominal by possession, limiting it. Thief is its complement. 14 Training is a verbal noun. Quarters luxurious. (See 99.)

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LESSON L.

381. Parse the nouns, pronouns, and adnominal words in the following exercises :

1. We were afterward hailed by an old gentleman dressed in shabby garments, and leaning on a heavy oak stick.

2. "Eternal rocks frowned upon us from every side, while above, great masses of black clouds rolled eastward before the rising wind. From beyond the far1 hills came the noise of the loud thunder."

3. "Daughter of Crete! how one brief hour, E'en in thy young love's early morn,

Sends storm and darkness o'er thy bower."

4. "Yes; it is the sun descending,

Sinking down into the water;

All the sky is stained with purple,
All the water flushed with crimson!

No; it is the Red Swan floating,
Diving down beneath the water;
To the sky its wings are lifted,

With its blood the waves are reddened."

Longfellow.

5. Having gained the confidence of his friends, he has basely betrayed it; having accepted an office, he has failed to perform its duties; and, having enlisted in a good cause, he has shown himself too cowardly to advance in it. 6. Being weary of this kind of life, I made arrangements to visit Europe with an old friend.

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7. Having been seen carrying away the cloth, he was, of course, convicted of the theft.

382. NOTES AND REFERENCES.-' Far is an adjective, limiting hills. Cowardly, an adjective, limiting himself. Having been is a perfect neuter participle, limiting he. Seen is the complement of having been, and an adjunct of he, and carrying is an imperfect transitive participle, also limiting he.

LESSON LI.

383. Any participle used as the name of an act is called a Verbal Noun.

384. NOTE.-Passive participles are not used as verbal nouns.

385. The participle thus used has no definite subject. 386. Parse the participles, nouns, and pronouns in the following exercises.

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1. He had a great fancy for hunting and fishing. 2. For the first year my principal employment was sweeping1 my master's store. 3. Taking2 a madman's sword from him is not robbing him. 4. My greatest pleasure, reading3 my brother's books, was taken from me. 5. They shot the guide for betraying them. 6. The gag in his mouth did not prevent his roaring. 7. You can not prevent my going immediately. 8. His forbidding our correspondence did not end our acquaintance. 9. They escaped us by hiding.

MODEL FOR ORAL PARSING:

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He had a great fancy for hunting and fishing. (a.)-Hunting and fishing are verbal nouns, essential elements of a phrase.

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387. NOTES AND REFERENCES.-1 Sweeping is a verbal noun, complement of a neuter verb. Taking, subject of a sentence. It is transitive, and sword is its object. Reading is in apposition with pleasure. Taken,, a passive participle, limiting pleasure. 5 His, a personal pronoun, possessive form, and an adnominal word, limiting roaring. Roaring, a verbal noun, object of prevent.

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388. TO THE TEACHER.-Keep before your class the fact that every verbal has two characters. It always retains many of the powers of the verb. No matter whether, in its second character, it is a noun, an adnominal word, or an adverb, it still retains its verbal nature. If it is from a transitive verb, it will take an object; if from a neuter verb, it will take a complement. In its verb character, it is very frequently limited by an adverb, as in No. 7, above. Thus, we may have the subject of a sentence, in its two characters, limited both by an adjective and an adverb, and having, besides, an object. "This writing letters industriously is hard work." In this example, writing, a verbal noun, is, in its noun character, limited by the adjective this. In its verb character, it is limited by the adverb industriously, and takes letters for its object.