(a.) This is only true of regular verbs, for the definition distinctly states that their past is not thus formed. No rule can be given for forming the past tense and perfect participle of an irregular verb.

444. The Future Tense is formed by prefixing shall or will to the infinitive (without to).

445. Let us now form all the tenses of the irregular verb rise. The past tense is "rose," and the perfect participle, "having RISEN."

446. Having already learned the formation of the simple or time tenses, we must now turn our attention to the compound, or time and state tenses, viz., the present perfect, the past perfect, and the future perfect. When we examine them together, we find one word (risen) common to them all. This word is the perfect participle, without the word having. Then every PERFECT tense contains a perfect participle.

447. We also find that the PRESENT perfect tense contains the PRESENT tense of the verb have: the PAST

perfect, the PAST tense of the same verb, viz., had: and the FUTURE perfect, the future tense of have, viz., shall have.

448. From these facts we can deduce the following rules or laws for the formation of the perfect tenses:

449. RULE I.-The Present Perfect Tense is formed by prefixing the present tense of have (viz., have or has) to the perfect participle.

450. RULE II.-The Past Perfect Tense is formed by prefixing the past tense of have (viz., had) to the perfect participle.

(a.)—In these, the perfect participle is used without the word having.

451. RULE III.-The Future Perfect Tense is formed by prefixing shall or will to the perfect infinitive (without to). (See 392.)

452. These laws for the formation of the tenses must be carefully committed to memory if the pupil would make progress in what follows.

QUESTIONS, EXAMPLES, AND EXERCISES.

What is a regular verb? What is an irregular verb? Give examples of each. How is the past tense formed? How the future? Form the past and future tense of each of the following verbs, mow, reap, saw, paint, form. Can you give a rule for the formation of the past tense of irregular verbs? Why? How many elements are there in tense? Ans. Two, viz., time and state. How many of these elements are expressed in each simple tense ? How many in each perfect tense? What word is common to every perfect tense of the verb rise? What is this word? What is the

What is

present tense of the verb have (give it with "I" as its subject)? the past tense of this verb? The future? Which tense of have do we find in the present perfect tense? Which in the past perfect? Which in the future perfect? Is have a regular verb? Repeat the law for the formation of each perfect tense. Name the tense of each following verb:

1. We had run.

2. I shall have seen him.

3. James has undertaken it. 4. William knows.

5. You have disappointed me.

6. We will introduce you.

7. I have known him.

8. The walls shook.

9. The walls had shaken. 10. You will hear me.

11. You shall say it.

12. The lion fears man.

Write the perfect tenses of the following verbs: desire, live, move, perceive, eat, dwell, learn.

LESSON LVI.

HOW TIME IS SHOWN IN THE COMPOUND TENSES.-HOW STATE IS SHOWN. PRINCIPAL PARTS OF ANY VERB.-FORM THE TENSES OF THE VERB

SEE.

453. In every perfect tense both Time and State must be shown.

454. The time is shown by the auxiliary or helping verb have. Thus, in the past perfect tense this helping verb will always be in the past tense; in the present perfect tense, it takes the form of the present, etc.

455. The state is shown by the perfect participle. 456. Participles have one, and only one element of tense, viz., state; they are always imperfect or perfect, but never past or future. A participle may be used in

a sentence which denotes any time, present, past, or future.

457. Thus we see how admirably the auxiliary verb and the perfect participle are adapted to forming the perfect tenses, since the simple tenses of the verb have denote only time, while the perfect participle used in connection with it shows only state.

458. The Principal Parts of a verb are those parts which we must have in order to form all the tenses. They are the present, the past, and the perfect participle.

(a.)—The infinitive is strictly one of the principal parts of the verb, but since, in all English verbs except the verb be, it has the same form as the present tense, it is, perhaps, unnecessary to give it.

(b.)—We can form all the tenses of a regular verb if only the present is given, because the past tense and perfect participle (the remaining two of the principal parts) are formed by adding ed to the present, but in irregular verbs it is indispensable that we know all three of these parts.

459. When these parts are given we can form all the tenses of the verb, however irregular it may be, by applying the laws given in the last lesson.

460. Let us thus form the tenses of the irregular verb draw.

QUESTIONS, EXAMPLES, AND EXERCISES.

What must be shown in every perfect tense? How is the time shown? What shows the state? What shows the time in the future perfect tense? What in the past perfect? What in the present perfect? What state (perfect or imperfect) is expressed in each perfect tense? What is used to show this? What element of tense does the participle contain? What is the time of each of the following sentences: "James is walking," ""James was walking," and "James will be walking?" What kind of a participle is walking? In the above sentence does the participle change its form? What does this show? What are the principal parts of a verb? Name these parts. Why are they called principal parts? Commit to memory the principal parts of the following verbs: