513. Since the perfect participle is used in the formation of all perfect tenses, the verbs in the list given above can have no perfect tenses. "You had ought to come" is incorrect, because had ought is intended for the past perfect tense. This tense is formed by prefixing had to the perfect participle, but ought has no perfect participle.

514. Certain verbs (bid, dare, let, etc.,) are given in a former lesson (see 401) which require an infinitive, without to, to follow them. The verbs in the list in this lesson, except beware, have no infinitives, and, consequently, can not be used in connection with bid, dare, do, etc.

"You do not ought to do so."

515. This is incorrect, because do (in this sense) is always followed by an infinitive, and the verb ought has no infinitive.

"You had better stay than go."

516. This is incorrect, because have is not one of the verbs followed by an infinitive without to. Change the position of the word better, which is a mere adverb and not essential to the sentence, and the absurdity of the expression appears in a strong light. "You had stay better (more advantageously) than go." Would may be used instead of had. Thus, "You would stay better (more advantageously) than go."

517. The conjugation of the verb in Lesson LIX.,

exhibits the modern use of the verb. In former times it was conjugated differently. The second and third person singular were, taking the verb walk as an example, thou walkest and he walketh. In the past tense, second person and singular number, the form thou walkedst. These forms are not now used, except sometimes in poetry and in addresses to Deity. This is called the solemn style. It must be used always when the pronoun thou is employed. The verb be is thus conjugated in the solemn style:

3d

" like the modern form.

The plural, in each tense, is like the modern form.

519. "Thou do not listen to me."

This is incorrect, because the solemn form of the verb must be used when it has thou for its subject. It should be, "Thou dost not listen to me."

MODELS FOR PARSING THE DEFECTIVE VERBS:

"We can understand you."

520. Can is an irregular, intransitive, defective verb; principal parts, can, could. Present tense.

521. The defective verbs in the above list have neither person nor number in any of their tenses.

"He might have avoided it."

522. Might is an irregular, intransitive, defective verb; principal parts, may, might. Past tense. Parse all the words in the following exercises.

1

1. Can you hear what is said? 2. He should perform his contract. 3. He may be offended.2 4. Must you go? 5. Should I answer him? 6. They must be defeated. 7. No man can afford to be 3 penurious.*

3

523. NOTES AND REFERENCES.- What, a compound relative pronoun. (See 232.) 2 Offended, a passive participle, complement of be, and adjunct of he. 3 To be, a verbal noun, an infinitive, object of afford. What does penurious limit?

4

LESSON LXIII.

FALSE SYNTAX UNDER PRINCIPLE XI.-SUBJECTS JOINED BY AND.— SUBJECTS JOINED BY OR.-WHEN COLLECTIVE NOUNS TAKE SINGULAR VERBS.-WHEN THEY TAKE PLURAL VERBS.-EITHER, NEITHER, ETC..

524. Correct the following examples of false syntax. 1. The boys expects to be invited. 2. Wild beasts loves to roam in the forest. 3. The condition of the serfs are wretched. 4. He dare not meddle with me.

5. You was employed for a different purpose. 6. No one but the savages were present. 7. I have other reasons which experience offer. 8. A clatter of hoofs were heard. 9. The sense of the words are as follows.

525. Two or more subjects joined by and form, in effect, a plural subject, and must have a plural verb. Correct the following.

1. My brother and my sister was there. 2. France and England has determined to prosecute the war. 3. You and I knows what troubles him. 4. Labor and pleasure goes together. 5. War and pestilence is great evils.

526. Sometimes the verb has two or more singular subjects joined by or or nor. In such cases the verb must be singular.

1. Neither want nor shame affect you. 2. Justice or vengeance always overtake the wicked. 3. The power or the ability were wanting.

527. Collective nouns take plural verbs when reference is had to the individuals that compose the collection.

(a.)-Correct the following.

1. A part of the people was angry. 2. Half of the soldiers was killed. 3. A number of the vagabonds was arrested. 4. The committee is quarreling with each other. 5. A few of the company is in consultation. 6. A number of the boys was punished.

528. Collective nouns take singular verbs when reference is made to the whole collection as a unit.

(a.)—Correct the following.

1. A new class of words are explained in this lesson. 2. This family of plants belong to a different order. 529. The adjective pronouns either, neither, each, and one are singular, and must have singular verbs. (a.)-Correct the following.

1. Neither of the letters were received. 2. Each of the houses were for sale. 3. Neither of them are farmers. 4. Each of the three have distinguished themselves. 5. Every one of them steal whatever they can find. 6. Neither of these men bear malice towards me. 7. Either of these men are ready for you. 8. Were either of these men considered honest ?

530. PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES FOR CORRECTION.

1. This row of trees are set too near the fence. 2. Them is the boys. 3. Was you with him? 4. If you was him, what would you do? 5. Them boys are very rude. (See 325.) 6. Who did you hurt? 7. Why was this treaty broke? 8. I wonder who has stole my knife. 9. Some men seems frightened at the noise of a gun. 10. The destitution of the people are terrible. 11. A third of the loafers was drunk. 12. Neither James nor John were with me. witnesses of the difficulty.

13. You and I was