plement only is declinable, it takes the form which it would take if used in the place of the subject. This is shown by the fact that whenever the neuter verb is an infinitive (its subject taking the objective form), the complement assumes the same form. So much for the philosophy of the expression; as to authority, I am aware that almost universal vulgar usage, and one recent grammarian, oppose this view. The grammarian alluded to, however, does not, as far as I am able to discover, give us a single properly accredited English quotation to fortify his strange position. It is the part of a grammarian to use his best endeavors to bring popular speech up to the standard of philosophy and good usage, and not to attempt to lower that standard to popular convenience. I give below some examples from authorities that will hardly be questioned. In collecting them, and in my general reading of standard English, I do not remember encountering such a solecism as It was him."

1. "The only happy author in this world is he who is below the care of reputation."-Irving. 2. "If I mistake not,' cried Tom, 'you are he, commonly called Old Scratch." "--Id. 3. "And pray who are you."— Id. 4. "I am he to whom the red man consecrated this spot."-Id. 5. "But who is the hero of the haunted chamber ?"-Id. 6. "I made known who I was."-Id.

7. "He it was who slew my father

By his wicked wiles and cunning."-Longfellow..

'He it was who carved the cradle

Of the little Hiawatha.

He it was who taught him later

How to make his bows and arrows."-Id.

9. "It was he who in his frenzy

Whirled the drifted sands together."-Id.

10. "And who is he who wields the might
Of freedom on the Green Sea brink ?"-Moore.

11. ""Twas he I sought that night."-Id.

12. ""Tis he, and I am his; all, all is o'er."—Id.

13. ""Tis she herself 'tis Zelica he sees!"—Id.

14. "'Tis thou shouldst triumph."-Grace Greenwood..

15.

"""Tis he!' the stranger cried, and those that heard
Re-echoed fast and far the whispered word,

''Tis he!'-' 'Tis who?' they question far and near."—Byron.

16. "It was he who saved my life."

Wilbour's translation of Victor Hugo.

17. "'Twas he that made the slaughter."-Shakespeare.

18. "Did you take it to be him?”— Bullions.

19. "I cry you mercy, Madam; was it you?

Was 't I? Yea I it was, proud Frenchwoman."

Shakespeare.

Pages might be filled with similar examples. There can be no question as to the usage of writers. I should not deem it worth while to enlarge on this well-settled principle if an attempt had not been made to unsettle it.

154. PRINCIPLE IV.-When the essential element of a phrase is a declinable pronoun, it takes the objęctive form.

EXAMPLES-1. He stood by me. 2. We walked with him. 3. They spoke to her. 4. It was built by them.

EXERCISES FOR CORRECTION.

1. The soldier walked with James and I.

2. The trouble is between you and he.
3. Let the matter rest between you and I.

4. It will do well enough for you and I.

5. He is like you and I in this matter.

6. "Why do all these people cheer so? 'I suppose it is either for you or I,' said the duke."

7. All matters between you and I are now settled.

155. There is found sometimes, though rarely, an instance of a phrase without a connective (sec 111), whose essential element is a declinable

pronoun. Under these circumstances, the essential element of the phrase takes the subjective form; as, "I being present, they were embarrassed." "I being young, they deceived me," etc.

EXERCISES.

Repeat Principle I. Give examples. Repeat Principle II. Give examples. Repeat Principle III. Give examples. Repeat Principle IV. Give examples.

LESSON XXV.

SUBJECTS OF INFINITIVES.-PRINCIPLE VI-PRINCIPLE VII.

PRINCIPLE VIII.

156. PRINCIPLE V.-When the subject of an infinitive is a declinable pronoun, it takes the objective form. (See 113.)

EXAMPLES.-1. Do you ask me to read ? 2. They exhorted us to fight. 3. Let me go. 4. For him to deny it was impudent.

EXERCISES FOR CORRECTION.

MODEL." He ordered the corporal and I to wait

for him."

I is the subject of an infinitive.

"When the subject

of an infinitive is," etc. Therefore it should be, "He ordered the corporal and me to wait for him.

1. He ordered the corporal and I to wait for him.
2. "Tell the sorrowful to come, and they who are afflicted."

3. He entreated my brother and I to visit him.

4. It is impossible for you and I to perform such a journey together.

157. NOTE.-Principle V. and the exercises under it may, if the teacher thinks best, be omitted until the review.

158. PRINCIPLE VI.-When a noun or pronoun stands for the name of the possessor, it takes the possessive form.

EXAMPLES.-1. This is my knife. 2. "Our days are as the grass." 3. "His life was glorious, and his death was happy." 4. Their reward is at hand.

159. NOTE.-This principle is seldom violated, and is consequently less useful than the others. The mistakes which sometimes occur in forming the possessives of nouns are chargeable rather to ignorance of orthography than to errror in syntax.

160. PRINCIPLE VII.-When a declinable pronoun is placed in apposition, with a noun, it takes the form which it would take if used in place of the, noun.

(a.)-If the noun with which it stands in apposition is the subject of a sentence, it (the pronoun) takes the subjective form, because if it were used in the place of the noun it would take the subjective form, according to Principle I., etc.

EXAMPLES.-1. My cousin, she who visited me in the summer, has forgotten me. 2. I saw my brother, him of whom we were speaking. 3. This brave soldier, he who feared not death, feared to tell a lie.

4. Thy bigot sire, nay, tremble not,

He who gave birth to those dear eyes,
With me is sacred.-Moore.

5. "How the gentle Chibiabos,

He the sweetest of musicians,
Sang his songs of love and longing."

Longfellow.

"And Iagoo, the great boaster,
He the marvelous story-teller,
He the friend of old Nokomis,
Saw in all the eyes around him,
That the wedding-guests assembled
Longed to hear his pleasant stories."-Id.

EXERCISES FOR CORRECTION.

1. Maria, her who acquitted herself so well yesterday, failed to-day. 2. We saw the great hunter, he who killed the lion. 3. I wrote to my brother, he who teaches the school. 4. I live with the old man, he who sells vegetables.

5. "The word came not to Esau, the hunter, that stayed not at home, but to Jacob, the plain man, he that dwelt in tents."- Wm. Penn-Brown's Grammar.

6. "For, admitting God to be a creditor, or he to whom the debt should be paid," etc.—Id.

NOTE (a.)—In this example, God is subject of the infinitive to be, and creditor is complement of the same infinitive; he is in apposition with creditor, and should, therefore, be in the objective form. (See 156.)

MODEL for correcting false syntax.

(a.)-"I live with the old man, he who sells vegetables."