LESSON XXX.

Parse the personal and the relative pronouns in the following lesson.

MODELS FOR PARSING RELATIVE PRONOUNS :

The man who encourages vice, acts a wicked part. 207. Who is a relative pronoun; subjective, who; possessive, whose; objective, whom. Plural, the same. Masculine gender, third person, singular number ;"A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, person, and number." Subjective form, and subject of a sentence ;-"When the subject of a sentence is a declinable pronoun,” etc.

208. Principle IX. should be applied immediately after stating the gender, person, and number. In parsing who two principles must be applied, one, to account for its gender, person, and number, and one, for its form.

I know the lady with whom you board.

209. Whom is a relative pronoun (decline it as above), feminine gender, third person, singular number;-“ A pronoun agrees," etc. Objective form and essential element of a phrase ;-" When the essential element of a phrase is a declinable pronoun," etc.

Have you seen the house which I built?

210. Which is a relative pronoun, third person, singular number;-"A pronoun agrees with its antecedent," etc. Object of a verb.

"The man whose horse was stolen pursued the thief."

211. Whose is a relative pronoun; subjective, who ; possessive, whose; objective, whom. Plural the same. Masculine gender, third person, singular number ;-" A pronoun agrees with its antecedent," etc. Possessive form and an adnominal word ;-" When a pronoun stands for the name of the possessor," etc.

1.

"I see

The firm devoted chief, who proved by deeds
The hardest lesson which1 the other taught."

2. "I pity bashful men, who feel the pain

Thomson.

Of fancied scorn and undeserved disdain."

Cowper.

3. "I see a column of slow-rising smoke O'ertop the lofty wood that 2 skirts the wild."-Id.

4. "And he spake to the noble river

5.

That rolls by the towers of Rome.”—Macaulay.

66 They claim the little boon which 3 Providence assigns them."-Thomson. 6. "The money for which

I had labored so industriously was lost in a single night." 7. "My servant found a bit of rusty iron, the use of which I afterwards learned." 8. I was accosted by a man whom I had never seen before. 9. The trav10. I

5

elers found the road that the Indians made. have the bullet with which 5 he was killed.

2 That, a

(a.) NOTES AND REFERENCES. -1 Which is object of taught. relative pronoun, subject of skirts. 3 Which, direct object. 4 Them, indirect object. (See 103.) It is often difficult for the beginner to discover the office of a relative pronoun. In Example 9, let the following question be proposed, "What did the Indians make ?" Ans. A road, But what stands for road in the sentence? Ans. That. Then that is the object in the sentence. In Example 10 ask "With what, was he killed ?" Ans. With a bullet. But what stands for bullet in the sentence? Which. Then which is the essential element of the phrase.

QUESTIONS.

Ans.

In No 1 (above), what is the antecedent of who? Name the elements of the dependent sentence in which who stands. What is the antecedent of which? Of who (in No. 2)? What is its office? What is the antecedent of that (in No. 4)? In No. 6, what word is a relative pronoun ? What is its antecedent? What is the office of whom in No. 8?

LESSON XXXI.

212. TO THE TEACHER.-The relative pronoun presents many difficulties to the learner, and, therefore, should be dwelt upon perseveringly. The following exercises will test your class (and, possibly, yourself, if you do not thoroughly understand this part of speech). You should insist on having them properly prepared, and add others if you think it necessary. If your class fail in these, it will be idle to attempt teaching them compound relatives, which follow immediately.

Write five sentences, each containing a relative pronoun which is subject of its own sentence.

213. MODEL. I know a farm which produces good

crops.

214. The pupil must remember that a relative pronoun and its antecedent can not stand in the same sentence. In the model given above the independent sentence is "I know farm," and the relative pronoun which introduces the dependent sentence "which produces crops."

Write five sentences, each containing a relative pronoun which is object in its own sentence.

215. MODEL.-I read the book that you wrote.

216. In this sentence that is the object of the verb wrote. This is seen when we ask, "What did you write ?" Answer. A book. But what stands for book in this sentence? Answer. The relative pronoun, that. Therefore, that is the object of wrote.

Write five sentences, each containing a relative pronoun which is the essential element of a phrase.

217. MODEL.-The people with whom you traveled, have returned to their homes.

Write five sentences, each containing a relative pronoun which is an adnominal word by possession.

218. MODEL.-The man whose team ran away, was seriously hurt.

LESSON XXXII.

COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS.-WHAT A COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUN IS EQUIVALENT TO.-A COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUN MUST STAND IN TWO SENTENCES. THEY ARE MOSTLY INDECLINABLE.

219. Relative pronouns of the second class are called Compound Relative Pronouns.

220. A Compound Relative Pronoun is one which includes both antecedent and relative.

221. They are what, whoever, whosoever, whatever, whatsoever.

222. Take the expression, "I found what you lost," and suppose the thing lost and found to be a knife; then the sentence is equivalent in sense to the following: "I found the knife which you lost," and knife is the object of found, while which is the object of lost. Now what in the first sentence, performs the office of both knife and which; therefore what, representing knife, is object of the verb found: equivalent to which, it is object of the verb lost. In its first use it is an antecedent, in its second it is a relative connecting the sentence "what you lost" to what (as antecedent).

223. A compound relative pronoun is usually equivalent, in sense, to that which, or the thing which.

224. A relative pronoun can never stand in the same