Lake Huron, This place was called Detroit, or Fort St. Joseph. Its establishment at this point was for the purpose of preventing the encroachment of the English, who were forcing their way upward from Lake Erie. It was from this point, as a lookout, that LaHontan in 1687 saw and seized the English officers, McGregory and Rosebloom, stripped them of their goods and clothing and sent them home with a warning that they and their countrymen could trespass upon the northern country only at the risk of their lives. The establishment of Fort St. Joseph was objected to by the Iroquois and in anticipation that its destruction would lead to a more friendly feeling with that nation, LaHontan abandoned and destroyed the fort in 1688. In 1694 Antoine de La Mothe Cadillac was appointed commandant at Michillimackinac by Governor Frontenac. He was able to get along with the Indians in his neighborhood fairly well, but he saw, as probably others had seen before his day, that in order to preserve the country to the French traders, the English must be prevented from entering it. Cadillac spent three years at Michillimackinac making a close study of the Indians and their habits and learning how to control them.

The only settlements, at that time, within the boundary lines of the present state, were maintained solely for the purpose of protecting the traders and missionaries. There was no colonial attachment to any post. The Company of the Colony of Canada had the right of trading in the Indian country and they parceled out this right by selling congés or licenses to individuals. It was not the purpose of this company or of those who were engaged in the fur trade, to encourage settlements in this district. The wilder the country the better for the fur trade. Cadillac saw a little farther into the future than the officers of the company. He foresaw the time when the British traders and the Dutch from Albany would enter the same field and by producing cheaper wares, undersell the French and turn the tide of furs southward to Albany and New York. In order to prevent this destruction of the Indian trade, Cadillac proposed that a post be established on the Detroit river, far enough to the south to intercept the British traders coming up from below. He went to Europe in 1699 and laid his project before the King. A year later he returned with a permission to carry out his scheme which included the establishment of a colony with his post. In 1701, with 100 Frenchmen and 100 Algonquin Indians he started from Montreal for the Detroit river and on the 24th day of July selected the present site of the City of Detroit and began the erection of his fort. This was the first colony west of Montreal. Always at variance with the Jesuits, he would not permit them to establish a mission at his post. The war of words that soon ensued between Cadillac and the order of Jesuits further exasperated the commandant and he undertook to drive them from the country. He held out inducements to the Indians to collect at his new post and he reports that six thousand of them collected there during the first winter. The post at Michillimackinac was deserted by the Indians and the Jesuits having no

congregation left the place, but before moving away they set fire to the buildings and destroyed them.

Cadillac was intent on making his establishment a place of importance and a post worthy of the great Pontchartrain after whom it was called. The year following its founding, his wife and the wife of his lieutenant, Alphonse de Tonty, came to the place to live. Soon other women came to join their husbands who were already here and then many other families came and the village limits were necessarily enlarged.

In 1704 Cadillac obtained authority to sell lands to his colonists and the farms on both sides of the river were taken up and cultivated and garden plots were given to the soldiers for the same purpose. Cadillac proposed the esablisment of a school and a hospital; the enlistment of Indians in a company of soldiers; the intermarriage of French and Indians and the attempting to civilize the natives. Furs and maple sugar were exported; an annual fair was held; the village was growing and the people apparently happy and contented.

Cadillac found evidences of copper in the country and asked permission to follow up his discovery and ascertain where the copper came from. The home government would not consent to this, fearing that the people would turn from hunting to mining.

The continued opposition of the Jesuits, who were very powerful in Canada at that time, and the short sightedness of the Company of the Colony of Canada, at length forced Cadillac from Detroit and the place began at once to decay.

A long period of fitful existence followed. Commandant after commandant came, witnessed the gradual decay of the place and left, leaving only as an official report, that the place must soon be deserted unless it received assistance from France. The time came, however, that its location was appreciated. England set up claims to the Ohio region. France claimed the same territory and in order to maintain this claim, she sent Celeron, sieur de Blainville, who had been commandant at Detroit, to plant the leaden plates along the line of the Ohio river, as a warning to British trespassers. This did not prevent encroachments of the English and then the kings of England and France attempted to negotiate the settlement of the boundary lines. It was about concluded that the French territory should extend to the Maumee river and the English should own to the Cuyahoga river and that the land between these lines should be neutral, or a "buffer" state. Just at the time these negotiations were about concluded, the war between England and France broke out. This war ended in 1763 with the complete surrender of Canada to England. In 1750 there was granted to the Chevalier de Repentigny a large tract of land at the Sault de Ste. Marie upon which he was to found a colony. The project of forming a colony was abandoned, though many years later—many years after the new century had begun, the family of Reptigny set up claims to this land and tried their rights in the federal courts, where they were defeated.

Mackinac, which had beeen rebuilt, continued to exist, but was never of much importance until after the coming of the English in 1760. Then its importance was recognized and a garrison was established there sufficient to protect the traders and awe the Indians. Mackinac on the Island was built in 1781 by Lieut. Gov. Patt. Sinclair as a war measure. The influence of the English, Irish and Scotch traders who came after the close of the French-Indian war was immediately felt all over the west. Within a very few years after the conquest the French were entirely driven out of the Indian trade and contented themselves with the positions of voyageurs and farmers and with living among the Indians and at peace with them. The entire business of the country was soon in the hands of the English speaking community. They also owned much of the farming lands. The war of the revolution was a very exciting matter for the soldiers, but the citizens at Detroit did not take so much interest in it. Many of the citizens there were outspoken in favor of the new government and were punished in various ways by the military department. They were imprisoned, driven from their homes and their property confiscated, carried as prisoners to Quebec and in every possible way made to feel that the colonies were in the wrong and that they were in the wrong in siding with them. It was thirteen years after the peace was consummated between America and England before the territory of Michigan was turned over to the United States. Just before the exodus of 1796, many of the people of Detroit signed a statement in which they refused to become citizens of the United States, but not more than fifty or one hundred people actually left the country. These few moved across the river into Canada, but the great majority remained on the American side and became citizens.

With the coming of Wayne in 1796 and the establishment of the new government there was a great influx of people from the Ohio country. Next came the people from New York and Pennsylvania.

The territory of Michigan was organized in 1805 and then began the rule of the Governor and Judges which continued until 1824. The people of the territory were principally the descendants of the old French families and the Americans who had moved into the country from the other states. After the opening of the Erie canal foreigners, mostly English, Irish and Scotch, began to come in great numbers and one of the most serious objections raised to the state constitution of 1835 was that these foreigners were permitted to vote on that instrument before they had become citizens of the United States.

The constitutional convention was called in May, 1835, and the work in forming the constitution was approved by popular vote in the following October. Objections were raised in congress on several pretexts, to the admission of the state, but all matters were arranged and the state formally admitted in 1837. It was held by our supreme court, and upheld by the supreme court of the United States, that Michigan was a state de facto from October, 1835.

LATIN IN THE PREPARATORY SCHOOLS.

REV. E. D. KELLY, PRINCIPAL OF ST. THOMAS HIGH SCHOOL, ANN ARBOR.

In these days when people juggle with fortunes as heedlessly as a child with its playthings, we are likely to become mesmerized and join the ranks of the jugglers. The "get-rich-quick" notion has hypnotized us. Glamis, Cawdor, King; rich, wealthy, a millionaire, are the "voices" to attract the crowd. Let us get back to normal conditions. I will admit that when we see the god of Mammon transfigured in his millions, we feel like crying out as the Apostles did on Mt. Thabor, "Lord, it is good for us to be here." But we recall that there is something better than Mt. Thabor, and so there is something better, not quite so tangible at present for most of us, but something better than the blessings of a transfigured Mammon.

The study of the classics, and especially of the Latin, gives to the mind clearness, accuracy and precision in the highest possible degree, qualities which are fundamental and requisite for success under any conditions. Furthermore it might be added, that in the schools of long ago the Latin was studied because it contained the principles of sane and sound systems of government, taught respect for order and tradition, exercised a conservative moral influence in upholding authority and the long established customs of society in a word, tempered equity and public thought. "The Roman writers," says Dr. Shanan, "were the great humanizers of mankind in the infallible characteristics which come from them as inheritances and are as important as their architecture and their sculpture."

I will not be accused of partiality to the Latin because it is the official language of the Church, which endeavors to preserve, in an unchanging language, the unchanging immutable truths which she has received from her Divine Founder. The scholar will find this language an admirable institution in which the unchanging ethical culture of all ages, permeating all civilizations, has been conserved unviolate.

We are assured that one can make money and a living without studying classics or at any rate without the study of Latin. It can not be denied that great fortunes are made nowadays and palaces outrivaling those of Alladin constructed on Michigan avenue; they are the work of the pork packers and other jungleites.

It should be said in passing that the advocates of the Latin desire also the study at least of mathematics and the vernacular as opposed to what may be called the elective system which has been tried, not for 2000 years, but for the last 30 years and which, according to the Educational Review, conducted under the editorship of the worthy president of Columbia, has been weighed and found wanting.

The translation of a Latin classic or masterpiece aids, as nothing else

can do, the development of the student faculties and if this is not the business of the preparatory schools, what reason have they for existence? Studies prosecuted for information which is their content wholly, may come in at any stage, but during the formative period, when as Burke would say the gristle is forming into bone, during the period of growth and fulness the mental faculties should be trained. I perhaps ought to apologize for going into detail here, but who has not pondered time and time again over the relative value and shading and scope of translations? One is forced to delve back into the etymology of the English and form judgment from the roots of words. Thus a more extended knowledge of our own language is forced upon us and its philology put within our grasp. The memory is developed, the mind is expanded, the judgment is exercised and the vocabulary becomes more elastic. The mind is trained to sift, to weigh, to compare, while all through its work it is confronted with a frame work which is at once artistic, imperishable and unassailable. Just as in that immortal masterpiece of Rafael, the Transfiguration, which has been reproduced in St. Peter's in mosaic, it was found necessary to exercise the utmost prudence and skill in the selection of colors so that the very atmosphere of the author might be preserved, so too the translator of those earlier masterpieces will acquire in time an acuteness of eye and temper that fit him for any polished work under the sun.

But some one may ask, can not all this be accomplished by (for instance) the study of the Romance languages? You will recall in the first place that the Romance tongues have been constructed largely on the Latin and I think we have here one of those cases where the cause is of larger interest than the effect; again "modern languages are largely allied in modes of thought and the meaning is suggested by a group of words taken together; and finally the study of a modern language, as it is cultivated for purposes of conversation, calls rather for a good memory and a well stocked vocabulary."

As for our English masterpieces they are with few exceptions, outside of the Shakespearean drama, destitute either of maturity or perspective and the authors have resorted to artificiality in the shape of crumbling veneer to fill out the long corridor of panel and pilaster every inch of which should ring true to the calls of the ages. I might mention as an example of this Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield." The first view is rewarded with the rich heavy colonnades of classic monolith in fresh modern construction, all of which give way in the distance to the puttering staff work of forced artificiality.

Still further we are told that the study of mathematics develops sufficiently the reasoning power. Run this thing to its logical conclusion and make every mathematician a philosopher-all of which is respectfully submitted to the department of metaphysics for further analysis.

A Roman masterpiece is the "Concurrent action of its several parts to the production of a single effect." This produces in the will the power of concentration, the faculty to shape and train the several arguments to one