other foreign merchants, who assembled there twice every day before the building of the Royal Exchange.

London Bridge began to be built of stone (the wooden bridge having been burnt) in 1176, and was finished in 1209, the course of the river being for the time turned another way by a trench dug for that purpose; beginning (as it is supposed) east near Rotherhith, and ending in the west near Battersea. It is 915 feet long, and 73 wide.*

London Stone, of the antiquity of this there is no memorial, save that it is mentioned in a gospel book, given to Christ Church, Canterbury, before the conquest.

London Wall is supposed to have been originally built by Theodosius the elder, in the year 368.

Long Acre, in 1552, was a field, and went by the name of the Seven Acres.

Ludgate was repaired in 1215, 1260, 1586, and 1669. Mansion House was begun in 1739, and finished in 1753, on the site of Stocks market.

St. Martin's le Grand, so called from a large college of secular priests, founded in 1056, and suppressed in 1548. Merchant Taylors School was founded by that company, in 1561. It was burnt in 1666.

Mark Lane was originally Mart Lane, being a public mart. Mewse, so called from the king's falcons there anciently kept, was new built for stables in the reigns of Edward VI. and queen Mary. The north side was rebuilt by George II. The Minories was an abbey of nuns of the order of St. Clare, suppressed in 1539, 30 Henry VIII.

The Monument was erected to perpetuate the memory of the Fire of London. It was begun in 1671, and finished in 1677. It is 15 feet in diameter, and 202 feet high, the exact distance of it from the spot where the fire first broke

out.

Moor Fields, in 1477, were a moorish rotten piece of ground, and impassable but for causeways made for that purpose, and so continued till 1605.

Moor Gate was built in 1415, and rebuilt in 1674.

Museum, British, formerly Montagu House, was built in 1677 by Ralph the first duke of that family-and was founded and endowed by Sir Hans Sloane, in 1753.

Newcastle House was built by the Marquis of Powis, in

1686.

Newgate was first built about the reign of Henry I. or Stephen, and rebuilt in 1412. It was afterwards repaired in 1631, and rebuilt in 1672.

It was improved in 1758.

New Inn was so called to distinguish it from the Old Inn belonging to the society in Seacoal Lane, near Fleet Ditch.

New River was brought from Chadwell and Amwell in Hertfordshire, to the reservoir near Islington, at the sole expence of Sir Hugh Middleton, Knight, in 1613, after five years labour.

Paternoster-Row was so called from the Stationers, or Text-writers, who dwelt there, and who wrote and sold all sorts of books then in use, viz. A B C with the Paternoster, Ave, Creed, Graces, &c. There dwelt also turners of beads, and they were called Paternoster makers.

St. Paul's Church was first founded by Ethelbert, king of Kent, in 610. It was burnt in 1087 with most part of the city, and was rebuilt soon after on stone arches. The steeple which was finished in 1222, was fired by lightning in 1444, and was again burnt, together with all the roof of the church in 1561, by the negligence of a plumber, who confessed it on his death-bed though till then, it was thought to have been done by lightning. Lastly, the whole church being burnt in the fire of London, 1666, was entirely rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren. It was begun 1675, and finished in

1711.

St. Paul's School was built and endowed by Dr. John Collet, dean of St. Paul's, in 1512.

Piccadilly was so called from the Piccadillos, i. e. the stiff collars, or bands, formerly worn, by which a taylor got an estate, and built the first houses there.

Poultry Compter hath been a prison time out of mind. Powis House was built by the Marquis of Powis, in queen Anne's reign.

Privy Garden was so called because it was appropriated to the king's private use, while he resided at Whitehall.

Queen's Library was erected and furnished by queen Caroline, in 1737.

Queen's Palace, formerly Arlington, and then Buckingham house, being purchased and rebuilt by that duke in 1703. It was bought of Sir Charles Sheffield, Bart. by his present majesty (for queen Charlotte) in 1762.

The Rolls was formerly the house of the converted Jews, and was founded by Henry III. in 1223; but they being. banished out of England, Edward III. in 1377, annexed it to the office of the keeper of the rolls in chancery. It was rebuilt by Sir Joseph Jekyll, at 7000l expence.

Rood Lane was so called from a Rood placed there in St. Mary's church yard, while the old church was rebuilding,"

during which time the oblations made to this Rood were employed towards building the church.

Royal Exchange was erected by Sir Thomas Gresham, in 1567, on the site of 80 houses, and was so named by queen Elizabeth in person, by sound of a trumpet, &c. in 1570. Being destroyed by the fire in 1666, it was rebuilt soon after at 66000l. expence, king Charles II. laying the first stone.

The Savoy was first built by Peter, Earl of Savoy and Richmond, uncle to Henry III. in 1245. Afterwards having been purchased by Queen Eleanor, for her son, Edmund Earl of Lancaster, it was burnt by the rebels of Kent and Essex in enmity to John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, in 1381. It was rebuilt and made an hospital of St. John Baptist by Henry VII. about 1509, but was suppressed by Edward VI. It was new founded by Queen Mary in 1557.*

Scotland Yard was so called from the buildings there being erected for the reception of the Kings of Scotland, when they came to the English parliament.

Shore Ditch derives its name, not as has been supposed from Jane Shore's dying there, but from Sir John Shore or Shoreditch, its Lord of the manor in the reign of Edward IIL

Sion College was founded at 3000l. expence, and endowed with 160l. a year, by Dr. Thomas White, one of the residentiaries of St. Paul's. The library was built by Mr. John Simpson, rector of St. Olave, Hart Street.

Smithfield (i. e. a smeth or smooth ground) was used as a market in Fitz Stephen's time, 550 years ago. It was paved by the city at 1600l. expence, in 1614.

Somerset House was built by the Duke of Somerset, lord protector, and uncle to Edward VI. in 1549, and on his attainder it was forfeited to the crown. The back front was built on a design of Inigo Jones by his son-in-law Mr. Webb.t

Spittal-fields were so called from the priory of St. Mary (dissolved by Henry VIII.) where sermons were annually preached in the Easter holidays, as they are now at St. Bride's and thence are called Spittal Sermons.

Staple Inn was once a hall for the merchants of the Staple of wool, but has been an inn of court ever since 1415. The Temple was founded by the knights Templars in

*

great part of it was burned down in 1776. E.]

+ The old building was pulled down 1776, when the present was begun. E-]

1185, but they being suppressed in 1310, it was given by Edward III. to the knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and they soon after leased it to the students of the law, in whose possession it has continued ever since.

Temple Bar was built in 1670.

Thavy's Inn was formerly the house of Mr. John Thavy, in the reign of Edward III. who let it as an inn to students of the law.

St. Thomas's Hospital was founded by Edward VI. in 1552. Tower (White) was built by William the Conqueror in 1078, and in 1190 it was compassed with a wall and ditch. It was almost new built in 1637-8. Wild beasts were first kept there in 1235, three leopards being then sent by the emperor to Henry III. Gold was first coined there in 1344, and criminals were first executed on Tower Hill in 1466.

Walbrook was so called from a running water which entered the wall between Bishops Gate and Moor Gate, and thence took its name. It ran through the city, with several windings, from north to south into the Thames, and had many bridges over it. It was afterwards vaulted over, paved, and built upon, so that it is now hid under ground.

Westminster Abbey was built by Henry III. and finished after 50 years labour, in 1220. Henry VII. built his chapel on the east side in 1502, at 14000l. expence. It was made a collegiate church by queen Elizabeth, in 1559, who at the same time founded the school.

Westminster Bridge was built in 11 years and nine months, at 218,8001. expence*.

Westminster Hall was built by William Rufus about 1097. The king's palace, of which this was a part, was burnt in 1512. The courts of law were first fixed there in 1224.

White Hall was so named by Henry VIII, on its being forfeited to him by Cardinal Wolsey's attainder. It was before called York Place, and was the palace of the archbishops of York. It was the residence of the King till 1697, when it was burned down.

Whitehall chapel was formerly the King's banquetting house, and is all that remains of the palace there, to which it was added by James I. according to a design of Inigo Jones.

Wood Street Compter has been always used as a prison. 1767, Nov.

[ It was finished in 1750, and is said to have cost upwards of 400,0001.]

LXIV. On Apostle Spoons and Peg-Tankards.
MR. URBAN,

WE have certain terms or expressions which in a very little time will become obscure; they are already obsolete, and in a few years may grow perfectly unintelligible. I would do to these, what Mr. Richard Warner proposes to do in respect of Shakespear, that is, prevent if possible, the total obscuration of those evanescent terms. The apostle spoons are a sort of spoons in silver with round bits, very common in the beginning of the last century, but are seldom to be seen now. The set consists of a dozen, and each had the figure of an apostle, with his proper ensign at the top. I have seen in my time, two or three sets, but at present they are scarce, being generally exchanged for spoons of a more modern form, and consequently melted down.

Our ancestors were formerly famous for compotation; their liquor was ale, and one method of amusing themselves this way was with the peg-tankard. There are four or five of these tankards now remaining in this country, and I have lately had one of them in my hand. It had on the inside a row of eight pins one above another, from top to bottom. It held two quarts, (and was a noble piece of plate) so that there was a gill of ale, half a pint Winchester measure, between each peg. The law was, that every person that drank was to empty the space between pin and pin, so that the pins were so many measures to make the company all drink alike, and to swallow the same quantity of liquor. This was a contrivance for merriment, and at the same time a pretty sure method of making all the company drunk, especially if it be considered that the rule was, that whoever drank short of his pin, or beyond it, was obliged to drink again, and even as deep as to the next pin. And it was for this reason, that in Archbishop Anselm's canons, made in the council of London A.D. 1102, priests were enjoined not to go to drinking bouts, nor to drink to pegs. The words are, 'ut Presbyteri non eant ad potationes, nec ad pinnas bibant' Wilkins Concil. I. p. 382*. This shews the antiquity of the invention, as well as the evil tendency of it; and as it must have been some time before the abuse and inconvenience of the practice was noted, so as to be made a matter of prohibitory injunction, we must suppose

* Our Saxon ancestors, says Rapin, were so addicted to drunkenness, that they were wont to drink out of large cups and take great draughts, till Edgar, in order to reform this abuse, ordered certain marks to be made in their cups at a certain height, above which they were forbidden to fill under a severe penalty. Edit.