bishops and 198 bishops. All these dignitaries of the Church are appointed by the Pope, on the advice of a council of Cardinals, the congregation De propaganda fide.' But the royal consent is necessary to the installation of a bishop or archbishop, and this having been frequently withheld of late years, there were no less than thirtyfive vacant sees, about one-seventh of the whole number, in the kingdom of Italy at the commencement of August 1863.* On the death or removal of a bishop, the clergy of the diocese elect a vicarcapitular, who exercises spiritual jurisdiction during the vacancy. In case of old age or infirmity, the bishop nominates a coadjutor to discharge the episcopal duties in his stead. His recommendation is almost invariably attended to by the Pope, and the bishop-coadjutor is appointed and consecrated, and takes his title from some oriental diocese not actually existing, which he relinquishes on succeeding to a bishopric. As long as he retains the oriental title, he is styled a bishop in partibus infidelium,' or, as usually abridged, a bishop "in partibus. Each diocese has its own independent administration, consisting of the bishop, as president, and two canons, who are elected by the chapter of the diccese.

The immense wealth of the Italian clergy has been greatly reduced since the year 1850, when the bill of Siccardi, annihilating ecclesiastical jurisdiction and the privileges of the clergy, passed the Sardinian chambers. This law was extended, in 1861, over the whole of the kingdom of Italy. By a royal decree of May 25, 1855, there were confiscated, in the kingdom of Sardinia, the following establishments of the Church of Rome:

According to official statements, the regular income of the whole Sardinian clergy, at the period of the royal decree of 1855, amounted to 18,000,000 lire, or 720,000l. per annum.

When the monastic orders were partially suppressed in the former kingdom of the Two Sicilies, in February 1861, the number of religious establishments for men was found to be 1,020, containing 13,611 inmates, of which number 8,899 lived entirely upon alms. The remaining 4,712 monks possessed an annual revenue of

* Armonia newspaper, Aug. 7, 1863.

4,555,968 lire, or 967 lire, equal to 391. per head. Of nunneries there were 272, with 8,001 inmates, possessing an income of 4,772,794 lire, or 247. per head. A previous return, of the year 1834, showed that there were in the kingdom of Naples 14 archbishops, 66 bishops, 26,800 ordained priests, 11,730 monks, and 9,520 nuns.*

Under the new Italian Government, a great part of the property confiscated from the monastic establishments has been devoted to the cause of public education, for which, besides, an annual credit of 15,000,000 lire, or 600,000l., is voted by the Parliament. Since the commencement of the year 1860, there were opened, throughout the kingdom, thirty-three great model schools, of which ten in the Sardinian states, six in Lombardy, four in the Emilia, six in the Marches and Umbria, two in Tuscany, and five in the Southern Provinces. In the former kingdom of the Two Sicilies, public education stood very low prior to 1860. From an examination made by the new government, it appeared that there were 3,094 large parishes which had no schools whatever, and 920 others in which the public instructors were individuals themselves devoid of the most elementary knowledge. The administration immediately set to work to apply a remedy to this state of things, and before the end of 1861—that is, in the course of little more than a year—1,054 elementary boys' schools were established in the ex-kingdom of Naples, exclusive of the central province of Naples itself. These were frequented by 23,569 pupils. The elementary girls' schools founded during the same period of time were 778, with 18,912 pupils. To these must be added eighteen evening schools, frequented by 911 persons. In 1862 the 1,054 boys' schools rose to the number of 1,603; the pupils, instead of 23,569, became 60,250. The girls' schools were no longer 778, but 922; the pupils, not 18,912, but 30,567. The evening schools increased from 18 to 234; their frequenters from 911 to 9,804.

There are thirteen universities in Italy, including the Roman States. These are. - Bologna, founded in the year 1119; Naples, founded in 1244; Padua, in 1228; Rome, in 1244; Perugia, in 1320; Pisa, in 1329; Siena, in 1349; Pavia, said to have been established by Charlemagne in 774, reorganised in 1390; Turin, founded in 1412; Parma, in 1422; Florence, in 1443; Catania, in 1445; Cagliari, in 1764; and Genoa, in 1783. To these may be added the high schools of Palermo, Camerino, and Macerata, and the University of Modena, which latter was closed in 1849.

* Rivista Enciclopedica, 1855.

bishops and 198 bishops. All these dignitaries of the Church are appointed by the Pope, on the advice of a council of Cardinals, the congregation De propaganda fide.' But the royal consent is necessary to the installation of a bishop or archbishop, and this having been frequently withheld of late years, there were no less than thirtyfive vacant sees, about one-seventh of the whole number, in the kingdom of Italy at the commencement of August 1863.* On the death or removal of a bishop, the clergy of the diocese elect a vicarcapitular, who exercises spiritual jurisdiction during the vacancy. In case of old age or infirmity, the bishop nominates a coadjutor to discharge the episcopal duties in his stead. His recommendation is almost invariably attended to by the Pope, and the bishop-coadjutor is appointed and consecrated, and takes his title from some oriental diocese not actually existing, which he relinquishes on succeeding to a bishopric. As long as he retains the oriental title, he is styled a bishop in partibus infidelium,' or, as usually abridged, a bishop in partibus. Each diocese has its own independent administration, consisting of the bishop, as president, and two canons, who are elected by the chapter of the diocese.

The immense wealth of the Italian clergy has been greatly reduced since the year 1850, when the bill of Siccardi, annihilating ecclesiastical jurisdiction and the privileges of the clergy, passed the Sardinian chambers. This law was extended, in 1861, over the whole of the kingdom of Italy. By a royal decree of May 25, 1855, there were confiscated, in the kingdom of Sardinia, the following establishments of the Church of Rome:—

According to official statements, the regular income of the whole Sardinian clergy, at the period of the royal decree of 1855, amounted to 18,000,000 lire, or 720,000l. per annum.

When the monastic orders were partially suppressed in the former kingdom of the Two Sicilies, in February 1861, the number of religious establishments for men was found to be 1,020, containing 13,611 inmates, of which number 8,899 lived entirely upon alms. The remaining 4,712 monks possessed an annual revenue of

* Armonia newspaper, Aug. 7, 1863.

4,555,968 lire, or 967 lire, equal to 391. per head. Of nunneries there were 272, with 8,001 inmates, possessing an income of 4,772,794 lire, or 241. per head. A previous return, of the year 1834, showed that there were in the kingdom of Naples 14 archbishops, 66 bishops, 26,800 ordained priests, 11,730 monks, and 9,520 nuns.*

*

Under the new Italian Government, a great part of the property confiscated from the monastic establishments has been devoted to the cause of public education, for which, besides, an annual credit of 15,000,000 lire, or 600,000l., is voted by the Parliament. Since the commencement of the year 1860, there were opened, throughout the kingdom, thirty-three great model schools, of which ten in the Sardinian states, six in Lombardy, four in the Emilia, six in the Marches and Umbria, two in Tuscany, and five in the Southern Provinces. In the former kingdom of the Two Sicilies, public education stood very low prior to 1860. From an examination made by the new government, it appeared that there were 3,094 large parishes which had no schools whatever, and 920 others in which the public instructors were individuals themselves devoid of the most elementary knowledge. The administration immediately set to work to apply a remedy to this state of things, and before the end of 1861-that is, in the course of little more than a year-1,054 elementary boys' schools were established in the ex-kingdom of Naples, exclusive of the central province of Naples itself. These were frequented by 23,569 pupils. The elementary girls' schools founded during the same period of time were 778, with 18,912 pupils. To these must be added eighteen evening schools, frequented by 911 persons. In 1862 the 1,054 boys' schools rose to the number of 1,603; the pupils, instead of 23,569, became 60,250. The girls' schools were no longer 778, but 922; the pupils, not 18,912, but 30,567. The evening schools increased from 18 to 234; their frequenters from 911 to 9,804.

There are thirteen universities in Italy, including the Roman States. These are- Bologna, founded in the year 1119; Naples, founded in 1244; Padua, in 1228; Rome, in 1244; Perugia, in 1320; Pisa, in 1329; Siena, in 1349; Pavia, said to have been established by Charlemagne in 774, reorganised in 1390; Turin, founded in 1412; Parma, in 1422; Florence, in 1443; Catania, in 1445; Cagliari, in 1764; and Genoa, in 1783. To these may be added the high schools of Palermo, Camerino, and Macerata, and the University of Modena, which latter was closed in 1849.

* Rivista Enciclopedica, 1855.

Revenue and Expenditure.

The financial accounts laid before the Italian Parliament divide the budget into an ordinary and extraordinary part, or 'Parte ordinaria,' and 'Parte straordinaria.' The following is a copy of the official budget for the year 1862* :—

and

This gives a total revenue, for the year 1862, of 24,936,4467., a total expenditure of 38,973,8967., leaving a deficit of 14,037,450. In the budget laid before the Italian Parliament at the commencement of the session of 1863, the Minister of Finance estimated the

* Taken from the Annuario del Ministero delle Finanze del Regno d' Italia pel 1862,' kindly furnished by the Marquis V. E. D'Azeglio, Italian Ambassador at the Court of Great Britain.