fide at Rome. The number of vicariates is one hundred, of delegations five, of prefectures twenty, ten of which were first founded by the present Pope Pius IX., who has also raised nine archbishoprics to metropolitan churches, and has created four new archbishoprics and thirty-five bishoprics, chiefly in England, Holland, and America. In Europe the Propaganda has the administration of the vicariate of the Oscanian Duchies, through the Nuntius at Munich-of North Germany and Denmark, through the Bishop of Osnabrück; it further administers Saxony, with Misnia and Lusatia, Luxemburg, RomanGaubunten, Tessin, Scotland (in which there are three vicariates) Sweden, Herzegovina, Wallachia, Bosnia, Constantinople, Sofia, Greece, Gibraltar. The rest, thirty in number, are spread over the whole of Asia, Africa, America, and Australasia. The oldest of living cardinals is the Cardinal-Priest Antonio Tosti, the Finance Minister of the late Pontiff Gregory XVI., who was born October 4, 1776; the youngest member of the College is the Cardinal-Deacon Ferreti, born March 9, 1817. The sum-total of the ages of the present fifty-eight cardinals amounts to 3,803 years, giving an average age of sixty-five years.*

Revenue, Army, and Population.

No official account of the revenue and expenditure of the Papal Government has been published since the year 1860. The budget of the latter year was calculated at an income of 14,453,325 scudi, or 2,893,5451., and an expenditure of 15,019,346 scudi, or 3,006,872l., leaving a deficit of 113,3277. This deficit was partly covered by voluntary contributions of Roman Catholics from all parts of the world, known as 'Peter's Pence,' amounting to above 100,000l. per annum. In the revenue account, however, many important items of expenditure, such as the civil list of the Sovereign-Pontiff, and the cost of maintenance of the French garrison at Rome, are not included. To cover these, successive loans had to be made every two or three years since 1849.

The annexation of three-fourths of the territory of the Papal States to the kingdom of Italy, in 1859 and 1860, is calculated to have reduced the income of the Roman Government in proportion, though not the expenditure. The former may now be set down, in round numbers, at 700,000l., and the latter at 2,000,000l. Considerably more than one-half of the expenditure is for payment of the interest of the public debt, amounting to nearly 120,000,000 scudi, or about 24,000,000l. sterling.† Rather more than one-third of this debt has been incurred since the commencement of 1858.

*Annuario Pontifico, Roma, 1863.

L'Opinion Nationale, Jan. 21, 1863.

garrison troops

The army of the Sovereign-Pontiff is entirely formed by enlistment, taking place in foreign countries as well as within the Papal States. The troops numbered, at the beginning of 1863, very nearly 10,000 men, composed as follows:

1 regiment of the line (Italians)
1 battalion 'cacciatori' (Italians)

1

1

1

zouaves (French and Belgians)
carabinieri' (Swiss)

'troops of St. Patrick' (Irish)

1 legion of gendarmes

Men

1850

800

750

650

600

650

2,700

The Papal army, in 1859, consisted of 15,239 men, with 1,200 horses, and was raised, in 1860, to 25,000 men. The battle of Castelfidardo dispersed this army, which has since been partly reorganised. There are three fortresses within the Papal States-Civita Vecchia, Porto d'Anzio, and the Castell Sant' Angelo, within the walls of Rome.

The territory of the Sovereign-Pontiff, previous to 1859, embraced an area of 17,218 English square miles, with 3,124,668 inhabitants; but has since been reduced to 4,891 English square miles, with 692,106 inhabitants. Of the former twenty 'legations' and 'delegations' into which the territory was divided, only five remain, namely, Rome and the Comarca, with 326,509 inhabitants; Viterbo, with 128,324; Civita Vecchia, with 20,701; Velletri, with 62,013; and Frosinone, with 154,559 inhabitants. The city of Rome had a population of 180,359 in 1858; of 182,585 in 1859; of 184,049 in 1860;.and of 194,587 inhabitants in 1861.*

Trade and Commerce.

There are no official returns relating to the trade and commerce of the Papal States more recent than the year 1859. That a great decrease has taken place after the separation of the Romagna, Umbria, and the Marches, can scarcely be doubted, and it is indicated already in the returns for 1858 and 1859, which are given in the subjoined table.

*Stato delle anime dell' alma città di Roma, 1862.

The following statement gives the number and tonnage of vessels, of each nation, which entered and cleared at the port of Civita Vecchia in the years 1858 and 1859:

Italian papers state that, during the year 1862, there were exported from Rome old paintings to the value of 9,596 scudi, modern paintings to the value of 119,537 scudi, or about 25,000l.; ancient sculpture to the value of 532 scudi; and modern sculpture to the value of 188,325 scudi. Works of art from Rome were also sold at the London International Exhibition of 1862 to the value of 44,624 scudi, or 8,9351.

NETHERLANDS.

Reigning Sovereign and Family.

William III., King of the Netherlands, born February 19, 1817, the eldest son of King William II., and of Princess Anna Paulowna, daughter of Czar Paul I. of Russia; educated by private tutors, and at the University of Leyden; succeeded to the throne, at the death of his father, March 17, 1849. Married, June 18, 1839, to

Sophie, Queen of the Netherlands, born June 17, 1818, the second daughter of King William I. of Würtemberg. Offspring of the union are two sons:-1. Prince William, heir-apparent, born September 4, 1840; admiral in the Dutch navy. 2. Prince Alexander, born August 25, 1851; lieutenant in the regiment of Grenadiers.

Brother and Sister of the King.-1. Prince Henry, born June 13, 1820; Governor-General of the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg; married, May 19, 1853, to Princess Amalia, daughter of the late Duke Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar. 2. Princess Sophie, born April 8, 1824; married, October 8, 1842, to Grand Duke Charles Alexander of Saxe-Weimar.

Mother of the King.-Queen Anna, born January 7, 1795, the daughter of Czar Paul I. of Russia; married to King William II. of the Netherlands, February 21, 1816; widow March 17, 1849.

Uncle and Aunt of the King.-Prince Frederick, born February 28, 1797, second son of King William I. of the Netherlands; fieldmarshal of the Dutch army; married, May 21, 1825, to Princess Louise, daughter of King Frederick William III. of Prussia. Issue of the union are two daughters, Louise, born August 5, 1828, and married to the King of Sweden and Norway; and Marie, born July 5, 1841. 2. Princess Marianne, born May 9, 1810, sister of the preceding; married, September 14, 1830, to Prince Albert of Prussia; divorced March 28, 1849.

The royal family of the Netherlands-known as the House of Orange-Nassau, in distinction from the elder branch of OrangeWalram, now ruling the Duchy of Nassau-descended from a German Count Walram, or Walrab, who lived in the eleventh century. Through the marriage of Count Engelbrecht with Joan of Polanen, in 1404, the family acquired the little principality of Breda, and thereby got a footing in the Netherlands. The alliance with another heiress, only sister of the childless Prince of Orange and Count of Chalon, brought to the house a rich province in the south of France;