The public debt, commonly divided into a home debt and foreign debt, was as follows, on June 30, 1861: The following was the amount of the public debt of the kingdom in each of the years ending June 30, 1858 and 1859 : The revenue has not much risen for the last thirty years. It was 11,940,151 milreis in 1834; two millions less, or 9,843,170 in 1844; and 10,793,407 milreis in 1854. In the financial year 1858-59 the public income amounted to 12,206,747 milreis, or 2,746,5187.; and in 1860-61 to 12,504,534 milreis, or 2,813,5207. The following is the amount of the various branches of national expenditure, as estimated in the two budgets of 1861-62 and 1862-63: In There has been no budget for the last thirty years without a deficit. The expenditure amounted, in 1834, to 14,911,314 milreis; in 1844, to 11,158,214; and in 1854, to 11,784,472 milreis. the financial year 1858-59 the public expenditure was 12,947,061 milreis, or 2,913,0881., and in 1860-61 it rose to 13,987,859 milreis, or 3,147,2687. The public debt, commonly divided into a home debt and foreign debt, was as follows, on June 30, 1861: The following was the amount of the public debt of the kingdom in each of the years ending June 30, 1858 and 1859 : The interest on the public debt has remained frequently unpaid. On June 30, 1861, the unpaid interest amounted to— The growth of the Portuguese debt, according to a native statistical writer,* has been as follows: Portions of the national debt have been repudiated at various periods; among others the loan contracted by Don Miguel in 1832. At times, as in the year 1837, the interest on the home debt has been paid, but not that on the foreign debt. By a royal decree of Dec. 18, *Teixeira des Vasconcelles. was reduced to 3 per cent. this act, but without effect. 1852, the interest on the whole funded debt, internal and foreign, Many of the creditors protested against Army and Navy. The army of the kingdom consisted of the following troops on The number of troops in the Portuguese colonies amounted, in the year 1861, to 8,236 infantry and artillery, besides a reserve of 9,572 men. The navy was composed, May 31, 1862, of 1 sailing ship of the line, with frigate, with corvettes, with brigs and brigantines, with 11 steamers, with 34 men-of-war, with . Guns 76 40 44 45 7 82 294 Many of the above vessels, however, are reported to be in a bad state, and scarcely seaworthy. The navy is manned by 2,832 sailors and marines. Population. Portugal is divided into seven provinces, the area of which and population, according to the census of 1838, and of 1858, is given in the subjoined table:— To the kingdom belong likewise the Azores, or Western Islands, containing an area of 715 square miles, with a population, in 1858, of 240,113 inhabitants, and Madeira, with 317 square miles and 98,620 inhabitants. Portugal has comparatively few large towns. There are but three with a population of above 20,000, namely, Braga, with 30,175; Oporto, with 81,200; and Lisbon, with 275,286 inhabitants. The number of aliens residing in the kingdom do not amount to more than twelve thousand. In the fifteenth century, Portugal is stated to have had about five millions of inhabitants. According to a calculation of 1732, the number was 1,850,000 at that period. Since then, and particularly since the commencement of the present century, the population has been gradually increasing. Trade and Commerce. The commercial relations of Portugal are chiefly with Great Britain, and there is very little trade, either by land or sea, with other countries. Next to Great Britain, but far below, stand Brazil and France. The absence of commercial intercourse with Spain is remarkable. The following table, compiled from the Custom-house returns of the year 1856-the latest which have been published for the whole kingdom-shows the value of merchandise imported for home consumption into Portugal (including the Azores and Madeira), from each country by sea, in Portuguese and foreign vessels, and by land, with the total amount of duty received, in the year 1856: |