the imports from thence, on the other hand, 42,000l. more than in the previous year. The value of the exports to Hamburg was 107,000Z., and of the imports from thence 187,000l. more than in 1860.

In the above list, the territory of Altona and Wandsbeck, though belonging to the Duchy of Holstein, figures separately, on account of enjoying extensive commercial privileges, amounting to free-trade. The shipping registered in Denmark and the Duchies at the close of the year 1860 consisted of

Ships Tons

Registered

30,762
22,911

"

61,524 45,822

69,496 lasts, or 138,992 tons Decrease 20 6,702 1

224

"

Legal tender in Denmark is coined silver, not gold. One Danish rixdollar consists of 96 skillings of bronze. Two such dollars are equal to 3 marks Hamburg banco, and 37 dollars equivalent to 28 Prussian dollars. One pound sterling is about 9 Danish dollars— on the Copenhagen Exchange during the last seven years the course has varied from 8 dollars 66 skillings to 9 dollars 6 skillings. The silver coins now in circulation are-pieces worth 2 dollars, 1 dollar, 48 skillings, 16 skillings, and 4 skillings. In bronze, or copper, there are 1 skilling and skilling pieces. All other kinds have been called in during the last ten years. From 1848 to 1859 there was struck, at the mints in Copenhagen and Altona, money amounting to 27 millions of dollars, in various pieces. Gold is also coined, but these coins are not legal tender and have no fixed course.

The State issues neither paper money nor Exchequer bills. In all the monarchy, the Copenhagen National Bank alone is empowered

to circulate paper money. It is allowed to issue paper to the

amount of 24 millions of dollars, on condition of keeping a silver deposit of 10 millions. The supply of silver shall keep pace with the paper, whenever the latter exceeds 24 millions. The bank must always give silver for paper on demand. The paper bank-notes are for 100, 50, 20, 10, and 5 dollars. There is usually less than 24 millions of paper in circulation. The paid-up capital of the National Bank is 13 millions of rixdollars.

Colonies.

The colonial possessions of Denmark consist of the islands of Faroë, Iceland, and Greenland in Europe; the first-named—17 in number having a population of 8,651; Iceland of 64,603; and Greenland of 9,892 souls. The West India possessions, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John, with a number of smaller islands, have a population of 37,137, according to the census of 1860. The establishments on the coast of Guinea, forts Christianborg, Fredensborg, and various other places, were ceded to Great Britain, by purchase, in 1850. The town of Tranquebar with the surrounding district, on the Coromandel coast, ceded to Denmark by the rajah of Tanjore, in 1620, and the small territory of Serampore- Danish Frederiksnagor-in Bengal, founded by the Danish East India Company in 1755, were transferred to Great Britain in 1846. The Nicobar Islands, in the Bay of Bengal, were taken possession of by the Danish government in 1756, and for some time were in a flourishing state, the population amounting to above 6,000 in the year 1840. Eight years later, however, in 1848, they were abandoned as useless, nominally on account of their insalubrity.

E

FRANCE.

Reigning Sovereign and Family.

Napoléon III., Charles Louis, Emperor of the French, born April 20, 1808, the third son of Louis Napoleon, formerly King of Holland, and of Queen Hortense, daughter of the Empress Josephine of France, by her first husband, Viscount Beauharnais. Educated, under the supervision of his mother, by the Abbé Bertrand and M. Philippe Le Bas, at Arenenberg, Switzerland, and at the grammar-school of Augsburg; studied military science at Thun, Switzerland, under the direction of General Dufour; took part in the revolt of the Carbonari, in the Pontifical States, March 1831; attempted to raise an insurrection at Strasbourg, October 30, 1836; detained prisoner at Strasbourg till November 9, 1836, and, transported to Loriens, sent in exile to America; returned to Europe in September 1837, and was present at the death of his mother, at Arenenberg, October 3, 1837; landed at Boulogne to raise an insurrection, August 6, 1840; tried by the High Court of Justice of the Chamber of Peers, and condemned to perpetual imprisonment, October 9, 1840; escaped from the fortress of Ham, by the aid of Dr. Conneau, May 24, 1846; elected member of the Constituent Assembly, in five departments, August 1848; returned to France, September 21, 1848; elected President of the French Republic for four years, by 5,562,834 votes, December 10, 1848; took the oath on the Constitution, December 20, 1848; dissolved the National Assembly by a coup d'état, December 2, 1851; elected President of the Republic for ten years, by 7,439,216 votes, December 20-21, 1851; chosen hereditary Emperor by a 'plebiscite' of 7,864,189 votes against 231,145 votes, November 21-22, 1852; accepted the imperial dignity and assumed the title 'Napoleon III., Emperor of the French,' December 1, 1852. Married, January 29, 1853, to

Eugenie Marie de Montigo, Empress of the French, born at Granada, Spain, May 5, 1826, the second daughter of Count de Montigo, grandee of Spain, and of Marie Manuela Kirkpatrick de Closeburn, the descendant of a Roman Catholic Scotch family. Educated in France and England, and on travels through Europe, 1836-50; married to the Emperor Napoleon, January 29, 1853.

Offspring of the union is Napoleon Eugene Louis, Prince Imperial, born March 16, 1856.

Cousins of the Emperor.-1. Princess Mathilde, born May 27, 1820, the daughter of Jerome, youngest brother of Napoleon I., and of Princess Catherine of Würtemberg; married at Florence, October 10, 1841, to the Russian Prince Anatole Demidoff de San Donato; separated, by mutual agreement, in 1845. 2. Prince Napoleon Joseph, born September 9, 1822, the son of Jerome, youngest brother of Napoleon I., and of Princess Catherine of Würtemberg; married January 30, 1859, to Clotilde, born March 2, 1843, the eldest daughter of Victor Emmanuel II., King of Italy. Offspring of the union is a son, Napoleon Victor Jerome, born July 18, 1862.

The Emperor of the French is the only one of the crowned heads of Europe whose claim to sovereign power is based both on the vox populi of national election, and on the vox Dei of dynastic right. Napoleon III. has a larger civil list than any other monarch of Europe. Besides a fixed annual revenue of 25,000,000 francs, or 1,000,000l. sterling, his Imperial Majesty has the income of the Crown domains, amounting to about 12,000,000 francs, or 480,000l., and the free possession of a number of palaces, parks, forests, and mansions, kept at the expense of the State. The Crown domains include a considerable portion of the estates of the Orleans family, confiscated by Imperial decree of January 22, 1852. It is calculated that the total revenue of Napoleon III. reaches the sum of 42,000,000 francs, or 1,680,000l. a-year, which income, however, has been surpassed of late by the annual expenditure. The debts on the Imperial civil list are stated to amount to 80,000,000 francs, or 3,200,0007.†

The succession to the throne of France is regulated by the Senatus-consulte of November 7, 1852. According to this decree, the Imperial dignity is hereditary in the male and legitimate descendants of the present Emperor, in the order of primogeniture. In default of male children, Napoleon III. has the right to adopt any of the male descendants of the brothers of Napoleon I.; but this privilege of adoption does not belong to the successors of the present Emperor. Should the Emperor leave no children, nor nominate a successor, the members of the Council of State, together with the Presidents of the Senate and the Legislative Chambers, have to elect a sovereign, the election to be ratified by the vote of the people. By a farther decree of December 18, 1852, Napoleon III. nominated to the succession of the throne of France his uncle, Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte, and the male and legitimate descendants of his * Kolb, Handbuch der vergleichenden Statistik. + Ibid.

union with the Princess Catherine of Würtemberg, provided no legitimate or adopted descendants should be left at the death of the Emperor. It was ordered, likewise, that the descendants of Jerome Napoleon were alone to be included in the 'Imperial family,' leaving all the descendants of the other brothers of Napoleon I. to be placed in the family of the Emperor,' with precedence of the high dignitaries of State, but otherwise simple subjects of the sovereign.

The following is a list of the sovereigns and governments of France, with date of accession, from the time of Henri IV., first of the Bourbons:

Napoléon I.

The

average

duration of the above fifteen sovereigns and governments of France, during a period of 23 centuries, amounted to eighteen years.

Constitution and Government.

The present Constitution of France was decreed 'in virtue of the powers delegated by the French people to Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, by the vote of the 20th and 21st of December, 1851.' It bears date of January 14, 1852; was promulgated January 22, 1852, and subsequently modified by the Senatus-consulte of November 7, 1852, the Imperial decree of December 2, 1852, the 'Organic decree' of December 18, 1852, the Senatus-consulte of December 25, 1852, of February 2, 1861, and of December 31, 1861.* These statutes recognise five powers in the State-namely (as cited in the preamble of the constitution of January 14, 1852)

1. The Executive power, represented by the Emperor.

2. The Ministers, nominated solely by the Emperor.

3. A Council of State, preparing laws under the direction of the ministers.

4. A Legislative body, nominated by universal suffrage, 'discussing and voting laws.'

* Annuaire diplomatique de l'Empire français pour l'Année 1863.