1,000 souls, 585 are members of the Protestant Church, 411 Roman Catholics, 2 sectarians, and 2 Jews; of the same number 702 speak German, 226 French, 55 Italian, and 17 'Romansch,' a dialect of the Romanic tongue. The German element is ruling in 16 out of the 22 cantons, among them the two leading cantons of the republic, Zurich and Berne.

Trade and Commerce.

The following is a list of the principal articles imported into Switzerland in the two years 1860 and 1861 :—

The principal articles exported during the years 1860 and 1861

According to the census of 1860, there are 1,900,000 individuals, or about three-fourths of the population, supported by agriculture, either wholly or in part. The manufactories employ 180,000 persons, the handicrafts 150,000. In the canton of Basle, the manufacture of silk ribbons, to the annual value of 1,400,000l. occupies 6,000 persons; and in the canton of Zurich silk stuffs to the value of 1,600,000l. are made by 12,000 operatives. The manufacture of watches and jewellery in the cantons of Neuchâtel, Geneva, Vaud, Berne, and Soleure occupies 36,000 workmen, who produce annually 500,000 watches-three-sevenths of the quantity of gold and four-sevenths of silver- valued at 1,800,000l. In the cantons of St. Gall and Appenzell, 6,000 workers make 400,000l. of embroidery annually. The printing and dyeing factories of Glaris turn out goods to the value of 6,000l. per annum. The manufacture of cotton goods occupies upwards of 1,000,000 spindles, 4,000 looms,

Straw

and 20,000 operatives, besides 38,000 hand-loom weavers. plaiting, in the cantons of Argovia, Lucerne, and Basle, employs 30,000 persons, and machine building, principally at Zurich, 6,000. In many of these occupations, agricultural labour is combined with factory work. The total value of imports into Switzerland, in the year 1861, amounted to 12,810,5201., and of exports to 11,970,1127.

TURKEY AND TRIBUTARY STATES.

Reigning Sovereign and Family.

Abdul-Aziz, Sultan of Turkey, born Feb. 9, 1830, the second son of Sultan Mahmoud II.; succeeded to the throne at the death of his elder brother, Sultan Abdul-Medjid, June 25, 1861.

Children of the Sultan.-1. Yussuf Izzeddin Effendi, born Oct. 9, 1857. 2. Salihe Sultana, born Aug. 10, 1862. 3. Mahmoud Djemil Eddin Effendi, born Nov. 20, 1862.

4.

Brothers and Sisters of the Sultan.-1. Amurath Effendi, born Sept. 21, 1840. 2. Fatimé Sultana, born Nov. 1, 1840; married, Aug. 11, 1854, to Ali-Ghalib Pasha, third son of Reschid Pasha; widow, Oct. 30, 1858; remarried, March 24, 1859, to Mehemed Noury Pasha. 3. Refigé Sultana, born Feb. 6, 1842; married, July 21, 1857, to Etham Pasha, son of Mehemed Ali Pasha. Abdul-Hamid Effendi, born Sept. 22, 1842. 5. Djémilé Sultana, born Aug. 18, 1843; married, June 3, 1858, to Mahmoud-GelalEddin Pasha, son of Ahmet Feti Pasha. 6. Mohammed-Reschad Effendi, born Nov. 3, 1844. 7. Muniré Sultana, born Dec. 9. 1844; married, June 10, 1858, to Ilhami Pasha, son of Abbas Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt; widow, Sept. 9, 1860; remarried, Jan. 5, 1861, to Ibrahim Pasha, son of Riza Pasha. 8. Ahmet - Kemaleddin

10.

Effendi, born Dec. 3, 1847. 9. Béhigé Sultana, born July 16, 1848; married, Oct 11, 1859, to Husni Pasha, son of Mustapha Pasha. Mohammed-Buhran-Uddin Effendi, born May 23, 1849. 11. NurEddin Effendi, born April 14, 1851. 12. Seniché Sultana, born Nov. 21, 1851. 13. Fehimé Sultana, born Jan. 26, 1855. 14. Chéhimé Sultana, born March 1, 1855. 15. Solyman Effendi, born Jan. 12, 1861.

The present sovereign of Turkey is the thirty-second, in male descent, of the house of Othman, the founder of the empire, and the twenty-sixth sultan since the conquest of Constantinople. By the law of succession obeyed by the reigning family, every sovereign has the right to nominate his successor to the throne, within the circle of his own blood relations; but custom has changed this rule, to the effect that not the nearest, but the eldest male heir, may lay claim to the crown. Thus the late Sultan Abdul-Medjid, although he left fourteen children, six sons and eight daughters, was succeeded, not by his eldest son-twenty-one years of age at the date of his death-but by his brother.

The private income of the sultan is variously reported. Official documents, issued by the Minister of Finance, state that the civil list amounts to 251,976 purses, or 1,333,8827.; but this sum evidently represents only a fraction of the resources of the sovereign. Other accounts* fix the personal expenditure of the sultan at 9,600,000l., equal to more than three-fourths of the whole revenue of the empire. The private exchequer of the monarch is encumbered with vast liabilities,† notwithstanding frequent attempts at retrenchment. To the reigning family belong a great number of crown domains, the income from which, as well as the customary presents of tributary princes and high state functionaries, contribute to the revenue of the imperial house.

The following is a list of the thirty-three sovereigns of Turkey, with date of accession, from the foundation of the empire and of the reigning house.

The average reign of the above thirty-three rulers of the Turkish empire, during a period of more than five centuries and a half, amounted to seventeen years.

Constitution and Government.

The fundamental laws of the empire are based on the precepts of the Koran. The will of the sultan is absolute, in so far as it is not in opposition to the accepted truths of the Mahometan religion, as

* Brought forward in the House of Commons, by Mr. B. Cochrane, M.P., on May 29, 1863.

One of the Turkish ministers informed me that in six months the debts incurred on the civil list had amounted to no less a sum than £3,000,000.'Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, in a despatch to Lord Malmesbury, dated October 6, 1858.