The special corps, under the command of the Grand Master of the Artillery, are likewise divided into ordous. They consist of1. The central corps of artillery-four regiments-one reserve regiment, and three special regiments which are quartered in the various fortresses of the empire, in the forts of the Dardanelles and of the Danube, on the coasts of Asia Minor and the Black Sea; 2. The engineer brigade of two regiments of 800 men each.

It

The Reserve, or Redif, forms a second army, with the same organisation as that of the Nizam, and consisting of the same number of regiments of the various arms. These regiments are divided into battalions, squadrons, and companies, and have their standing staffs of officers and corporals on active service, receiving full pay. is the duty of the latter to live in the towns and villages among the soldiers, who, though on leave, are nevertheless not discharged from the service, and these soldiers they must collect and drill once a week. The Redif soldiers meet every year for four weeks at the head-quarters of their respective ordous, and take part in the field manœuvres. While thus on service the men have the regular pay and the usual allowance of provisions.

The auxiliaries consist of the contingents of the tributary provinces. These provinces are Wallachia and Moldavia, Servia, Bosnia and the Herzegovina, Upper Albania, and Egypt. The actual number of these troops varies greatly at different periods; and depends on the politics of the time or the enemy against whom they are expected to take the field. In the late war with Russia the number of auxiliaries amounted to about 75,000 men, namely, 30,000 from Bosnia and the Herzegovina, 20,000 from Upper Albania, and 25,000 from Egypt.

The irregular troops are calculated to consist of —

1. Kavas or gendarmes on foot, Seymens or mounted gendarmes, and county militia or Soubechis

2. Tartars of Dobrodja and Asia Minor

3. Hungarian and Polish volunteers

4. Moslem volunteers

Men

30,000

5,000

2,000

50,000

87,000

The total of the military forces of Turkey may be estimated as

During the late war with Russia, the actual number of troops in the field was as follows, according to an official statement of the Grand Vizier ::

Of this number 2,259 were in the pay of the British Government. The Turkish army comprised besides :

Altogether 216,893 men. The annual cost of these troops, according to the same official statement, amounted to 6,055,000l., namely, 2,320,000l. for the troops of the Nizam; 2,610,000l. for the Redif; and 1,125,000l. for the artillery in fortresses.

Formerly a considerable portion of the troops were furnished by the spahis and other holders of estates on condition of military service. But that system was changed in 1843, since which time the army is recruited by conscription. The conscripts are drawn at the age of twenty years; the period of service is limited to five years; and the annual contingent is about 25,000 men. Only one son in a family can be taken as a conscript; and when there is but one son in a family, he is exempted. After five years' service in the Nizam, the soldier is liable to duty for seven years longer in the Redif.

Only a portion of the troops is raised by conscription, and the rest

is procured by enlistment, which is productive of many recruits, as the pay in the Turkish army is comparatively high, amounting to 20 piastres, or 3s. 6d. per month, besides clothing, board, and full rations. The Government undertakes the task of procuring substitutes, at a fixed price, for all who wish to avoid the conscription. The naval power of Turkey is without importance. Previous to the late war against Russia, the navy comprised 6 ships of the line, 10 frigates, 6 corvettes, 14 brigs, 16 cutters and schooners, 6 steamfrigates, and 12 other small vessels. Total 70 vessels, manned by 34,000 sailors and 4,000 marines. Many of these ships have since been destroyed at Sinope, and others foundered in storms in the Black Sea. Newly built in the years 1860-62 were 23 screw steamers, of various sizes, with 820 guns.

Population.

The area and population of Turkey are known only by estimates, and not as the result of scientific measurement and of a general census. Enumerations of the people, which took place in 1844 and in 1856, cannot lay claim to any amount of exactness. According to the most reliable estimate,* the total area of the empire, including the tributary provinces, comprises 1,836,478 square miles, and the extent and population of the several grand divisions in Europe, Asia, and Africa are as follow:—

The total population, estimated according to the census taken in 1844 at 35,350,000, is distributed as follows, in the different divisions of the empire:

*

The above estimates are higher than those given by other statistical writers. Subjoined are the statements, placed side by side, of two statistical authorities, relating to the population of Turkey in Europe. The fact of the latter estimates being of somewhat older date than the former, permits conclusions regarding the increase of population.

The various races of which the population of the empire in Europe, Asia, and Africa is composed are thus classified : †

* Urquhart, David, Turkey and its Resources, 1843; and Boué Ami, La Turquie en Europe, 1840.

† Ubicini, Lettres sur la Turquie, 2nd edit. 1853.

The territories of the Turkish empire in Europe are divided into 14 Eyalets, or governments, and subdivided into 43 Sandjaks, or provinces, and 376 Kazas, or districts. In Turkey in Asia there are 18 Eyalets, 78 Sandjaks, and 858 Kazas; and in Turkey in Africa, 3 Eyalets, 17 Sandjaks, and 86 Kazas.

The Eyalets of Silistria, Widdin, and Nisch are formed out of the ancient kingdom of Bulgaria; and those of Yania and Selanik comprise the ancient Epirus and Macedonia. The Eyalets of Uskup and Roumelia are formed from Albania. The Eyalet of Bosnia is composed of Bosnia, a part of Croatia, and of the Herzegovina. The Eyalet of Djizair, or The Islands, comprises all the isles of the Ottoman Archipelago, of which the principal are Rhodes, Cyprus, Cos, Tenedos, Lemnos, Mitylene, Scio, and Patmos.