The export of treasure from India is exceedingly small, amounting to little more then 500,000l. per annum to the whole of the above countries. Of this sum the United Kingdom has scarce 2,000l. a-year on the

average.

The number and tonnage of vessels entered and cleared at Indian ports in each of the years, ended April 30, 1858, 1859, and 1860, was as follows:

Nearly one-third of the shipping enumerated in the above state

ment, was carried on by small native craft. The exact proportion is shown in the subjoined table, which gives the number and tonnage of European, and the proportion of native vessels which entered and cleared at ports in India, in each of the years, ended April 30, 1858, 1859, and 1860:

The division of Indian trade between the various countries which share the commercial intercourse, is shown in the subjoined table. It gives the number and tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared at ports in India, in the year, ended April 30, 1860:

The internal commerce of India has been greatly developed of late years by the construction of several great lines of railways. Among these are the East-Indian,' the' Great Indian Peninsula,' the Madras, and the Bombay lines, of an aggregate length of above a thousand miles. Above five millions of passengers more than four-fifths of them third-class-travelled on these railways in 1862. It is expected that, before many years are over, the whole of the lines will form a complete network of railways, contributing greatly to the extension of trade and the progress of civilisation in the vast Indian empire.

JAPAN.

Constitution and Government.

THE system of government of the Japanese empire is as yet but imperfectly known. The nominal head of the State is a Spiritual Emperor called the 'Mikado,' invisible to the people, and considered of semi-divine origin. At his side stands a Temporal Emperor, the Ziogun,' or, as commonly called, the Tycoon, whose office also is hereditary in his family, and who represents the central executive. But neither the Mikado nor the Tycoon appear to be possessed of general authority, extending over the whole State. The actual government is vested in a number of feudal princes, or 'Daimios,' proprietors in their own right of a more or less extensive territory, over which they exercise absolute sway. The central authority is not only powerless as far as they are concerned; but they claim the right even of removing the Tycoon and his ministers.

The administration of the empire is carried on by two councils of State, the first, called the 'Gorogio,' composed of five members, and the second, the 'Onwakadouchisri,' of seven members.* Over the first council, which more immediately represents the executive authority, presides the 'Gotario,' or prime-minister, who occupies the post of regent of Japan, in the event of the minority, or during the temporary illness of the Tycoon. The 'Gotario' is elected by the two councils of State and the principal 'Daimios' of the empire, from among the latter class.†

The following is a list of the chief feudal princes of the empire. with their revenues and territorial possessions, taken from the Japanese Official Almanack: '‡

เ

*Alcock, Sir Rutherford, K.C.B., The Capital of the Tycoon, London, 1863. Kämpfer, E., Geschichte von Japan.

After Sir Rutherford Alcock's The Capital of the Tycoon, London, 1863. Vol. II., Appendix D.