or less degree, that he is not "well disposed to the good order and happiness" of the country. Ibid.

An alien convicted of perjury while residing here, though pardoned, is not "of good moral character," entitled to admission to citizenship. Re Spenser, 5 Sawy. 195, Fed. Cas. No. 13,234.

An alien who has behaved as a man of good moral character during the five years immediately preceding his application, but who had not so behaved during his residence in the United States prior thereto, is not entitled to admission. Ibid.

32. Anarchists.-No person who disbelieves in, or who is opposed to, all organized government; or who is a member of, or affiliated with, any organization entertaining and teaching such disbelief in or opposition to all organized government; or who advocates or teaches the duty, necessity, or propriety of the unlawful assaulting or killing of any officer or officers, either of specific individuals or of officers generally, of the government of the United States or of any other organized government, because of his or their official character,-shall be naturalized or made a citizen of the United States. Act of March 3, 1903 (32 Stat. at L. 1222, chap. 1012, § 39).

33. Oath.-The applicant must declare, on oath, that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he renounces all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty; particularly by name, to the prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject. Rev. Stat. § 2165 (U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1329).

34. Knowledge of Constitution. The applicant for admission to citizenship must be acquainted with the provisions of the Federal Constitution and in sympathy with its principles, otherwise he cannot intelligently and truthfully declare that he will support it. Evans, American Citizenship, 27.

Where it appears, upon examination, that an applicant for naturalization is without such knowledge of the Constitution as is essential to the rational assumption of an undertaking avouched by oath to support it, his oath to support the Constitution should not be accepted; nor should the court admit an alien to citizenship without being satisfied that he has at least some general comprehension of what the Constitution is, and of the principles which it affirms. Re Bodek, 63 Fed. 815.

One who cannot read or write English, but has read the Constitution in a foreign language, and knows that the United States has a President, but cannot mention his name, does not understand the principles of the government of the United States or its institutions sufficiently to become a citizen. Re Kanaka Nian, 6 Utah, 259, 4 L. R. A. 726, 21 Pac. 493.

But in the case of Re Rodriguez, 81 Fed. 337, the United States circuit court held that an alien who was ignorant and unable to read and write, and who could not explain the principles of the Constitution, was entitled to be naturalized, where it was shown that he was peaceable, industrious, of a good moral character, and law-abiding.

35. Renunciation of hereditary titles. The applicant must renounce any hereditary title or order of nobility which he may have. Rev. Stat. § 2165 (U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1329).

36. Recording of papers. The declarations, renunciations, etc., required of the alien, shall be recorded in the court. Rev. Stat. § 2165 (U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1329).

37. Admission of soldiers to citizenship.-Section 2166, Rev. Stat. (U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1331), provides that "any alien of the age of twenty-one years and upward, who has enlisted or may enlist, in the armies of the United States, either the regular or the volunteer forces, and has been, or may be here

after, honorably discharged, shall be admitted to become a citizen of the United States, upon his petition, without any previous declaration of his intention to become such; and he shall not be required to prove more than one year's residence within the United States previous to his application to become such citizen; and the court admitting such alien shall, in addition to such proof of residence and good moral character, as now provided by law, be satisfied by competent proof of such person's having been honorably discharged from the service of the United States."

38. Admission of persons serving in Navy and Marine Corps to citizenship. By the act of July 26, 1894 (28 Stat. at L. 124, chap. 165, U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1331), the same privilege was extended to persons who have served five years in the Navy or one enlistament in the Marine Corps, and have been honorably discharged therefrom. The statute provides that "any alien of the age of twenty-one years and upward, who has enlisted or may enlist in the United States Navy or Marine Corps, and has served or may hereafter serve five consecutive years in the United States Navy, or one enlistment in the United States Marine Corps, and has been or may hereafter be honorably discharged, shall be admitted to become a citizen of the United States upon his petition, without any previous declaration of his intention to become such; and the court admitting such alien shall, in addition to proof of good moral character, be satisfied by competent proof of such person's service in, and honorable discharge from, the United States Navy or Marine Corps."

39. Necessity for formal admission of soldiers, sailors, and marines to citizenship. It is erroneously supposed by some that the mere facts of service and discharge operate to naturalize the party, whereas they are only part of the evidence on which nat

uralization may be granted. The alien soldier, sailor, or marine can only avail himself of the privileges of the above laws by personal application to one of the courts mentioned in § 2165 (U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1329), and upon the declaration and proof required by law.

A mere residence in the country as a soldier does not make one a citizen. People ex rel. Orman v. Riley, 15 Cal. 48.

40. Admission of persons coming to the United States at the age of eighteen years or under, to citizenship. As already observed (supra, § 23), aliens who come to the United States at the age of eighteen or under may be admitted to citizenship after a residence of five years in this country without having made the preliminary declaration of intention. This is by virtue of the provisions of Rev. Stat. § 2167 (U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1332): "Any alien, being under the age of twenty-one years, who has resided in the United States three years next preceding his arriving at that age, and who has continued to reside therein to the time he may make application to be admitted a citizen thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of twenty-one years, and after he has resided five years within the United States, including the three years of his minority, be admitted a citizen of the United States, without having made the declaration required in the first condition of § 2165 [U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1329]; but such alien shall make the declaration required therein at the time of his admission; and shall further declare, on oath, and prove to the satisfaction of the court, that, for two years next preceding, it has been his bona fide intention to become a citizen of the United States; and he shall in all other respects comply with the laws in regard to naturalization."

The language of this section is somewhat ambiguous, but the evident intention was to enable an alien who comes to the United

States at the age of eighteen or under to avail himself, in applying for admission to citizenship after he has reached majority, of the time which he has resided here during minority. A minor is not deemed competent to make the declaration of intention required by § 2165. This statute waives the preliminary declaration, but requires the alien to declare on oath, and prove at the time of his admission, that for the preceding two years it has been his intention to become a citizen. See Re Bodek, 63 Fed. 814.

He must have resided in the United States for the full statutory period of five years, however.

"The object of this provision is to enable a person who has resided in the United States five years, but who, from the fact of being a minor, has not been competent to make a declaration, to make his declaration at the expiration of such five years, and be at once naturalized, provided that, at the time of his naturalization, he is of full age." 2 Wharton, International Law Dig. p.

342.

The phrase in the statute, "declaration required therein at the time of his admission," refers to the declaration required by the second condition of § 2165 (U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1329),— that is, the declaration of the alien that he will support the Constitution, and that he renounces all foreign allegiance. United States v. Walsh, 22 Fed. 644.

This declaration must be under oath. Ibid.

It is not necessary that two of the five years required by this section in the case of a minor alien should occur after he has reached the age of twenty-one. Schutz's Petition, 64 N. H.

241.

The alien may come to the United States at the age of sixteen, and be admitted to naturalization when he is twenty-one.

If he