French army than in the German. Typhoid fever during the past twenty-five years has been the bane of the French army, but recently tuberculosis has made fearful ravages amongst its ranks, owing, it is believed, to the increase of drunkenness throughout the nation. The chief reason given by the writer for the ill-health which pervades the French army is the insanitary accommodation provided for its members. Although every effort has been made to enlarge the army, little or no money has been expended in building barracks. The consequence is that "whole regiments of soldiers shiver in winter and perspire in summer, their dwelling any kind of old farm building near the regular barracks which the government is able to hire at small cost." Again, most of the barracks are defective in sanitation, and there are constantly occurring in military quarters terrible outbreaks of what are presumably water-borne diseases. There is only one feature of the German military system of which the French soldier has no need to be envious, that is the food. The feeding of the French troops is greatly superior to that of the German army. The army of which the French people are so proud would seem to be veritably draining the life blood from the nation.

(2)

Further Experiments wWITH FORMALIN. Dr. Antonio Fanoni published in the Post Graduate, June, 1903, the result of some experiments he has been making upon rabbits with formalin. His object was to determine: (1) The efficiency of formalin solution 1:5000 in septicemia. Whether the favorable results claimed for formalin, 1:5000 in 0.7 per cent. saline solution are due to the formalin or to the so-called salt-solution. What part the virulence of bacteria plays in septicæmia. His aim also has been (1) To test the efficiency of intravenous injections of formalin in anthrax and pneumococcus septicemia. (2) To test the efficiency of so-called physiological saline injections, and to determine, if possible, whether or not the favorable results claimed for

(3)

formalin should be attributed to the water. (3) To decide which solution was preferable. Being unable to secure a culture of streptococcus of sufficient virulence to kill rabbits, Dr. Fanoni was compelled to experiment with the anthrax bacillus and attenuated cultures of the pneumococcus of Frænkel. Although it is difficult to compare the results obtained upon animals with those which might be secured with human subjects, the conclusions reached as the results of experiments with intravascular injection of 1:5000 formalin upon rabbits, even in doses of 0.00031 to 0.00061 per 100 grams of body weight, convinced the writer that this method of treatment is not only useless, but actually dangerous in experimental septicemia. Recovery, he thinks, is not due to the formalin, since the same results were obtained with simple saline solution, and no treatment, with the advantage of not exposing the animals to any danger during the first two or three days, at which time the organism should be strengthened and not weakened, and retain all of its resources in order to combat the disease. Recovery is due to the attenuated virulence of the pneumococcus.

"The virulence of the bacteria is also a grave factor in a case of sepsis," says the author. "Fortunately in practice, bacteria are very often attenuated, and in such instances recovery nearly always occurs. If, however, they are very virulent or are made so experimentally, death will be the result."

Dr. Fanoni thinks that the experiments carried. out by him prove that the organism may recover from septicæmia as the result of its natural resist

ance provided the virulence of the bacteria is not as intense as that of the microbes used experimentally.

The results of his experiments upon rabbits with formalin and with saline solution are supported by four cases of septicemia in man, reported by Dr. Park, all of whom "received from 500 to 750 c.c. of a 1:5000 solution of formalin, and all four of whom died in from five days to three weeks after injection with formalin solution."

Finally Dr. Fanoni states that upon the basis of his experiments, he would recommend in septicemia and sapræmia fractional intravascular injection of so-called physiological saline solution (o.9 per cent.), which at present, he thinks, gives better clinical, well as experimental, results than formalin solution of any strength.

TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDHOOD.

Prof. Clifford Allbutt enjoys a well-deserved reputation for profound knowledge of medicine. In addition to the medical lore which he has acquired he is endowed by nature with the genius of expressing himself both in speech and in writing with remarkable eloquence and lucidity. On November 6, 1902, he delivered an address on tuberculosis at Glasgow which was a model of its kind both in matter and in phraseology. Referring to tuberculosis in childhood he said, "An opinion has been held by physicians at home and abroad, physicians of the highest authority, that in most cases, perhaps in all, it is during childhood that tubercle establishes itself in the human frame. This opinion I would not propose to you too confidently; yet as a broad and effective aphorism, I believe it to be not unveracious, and if this be so, it points to a still more jealous care of our children. The passage of tubercle from parents to child is so rare as to be negligible; the disease is usually incurred during the years in which the child inhabits the floor, and inhales its dust. Again, the fungus may be taken in with the food, or by licking pencils and slates, by sucking dirty finger-nails, and so forth." Dr. Allbutt, although he has little hope of entirely preventing tuberculosis in childhood, at any rate for some time to come, thinks that when the fact is taken into consideration that inoculation of it in early life may often be the origin and source of an outbreak many years later, no work can be more important than the provision of sanatoriums for delicate children. He suggests that large cities should erect by the seashore a group of cheap dwellings on the "cottage" system, to which should be sent children of consumptive tendencies. Such a scheme would be inexpensive, and ought to give good results. The proposition seems to be an excellent one, and by no means difficult of execution. Sanatoriums for children are

quite as important, if not more so, than those for adults, for the reason that in childhood the seeds of the disease can be more completely eradicated than in grown-up persons.

PHYSICAL QUALIFICATIONS FOR TROPICAL
RESIDENCE.

It is of paramount importance that those who wish either to reside or to travel in the Tropics, should first ascertain whether they are physically fitted to bear the change of climate. A person to be able to live in health in a tropical land should be perfectly sound. In Climate, April, is an address delivered by Dr. Charles F. Harford of the British Church Missionary Society, in which he gives his views as to the physical qualifications for tropical residence. Some of his remarks are somewhat well-worn, while

others bear the mark of freshness, but all are interesting and valuable as coming from a man who has had a wide and long experience of tropical life. He says in part: "The liability which there is in tropical regions to disorders of the digestive system renders it imperative that the person going abroad should be free from bowel disorder, liver trouble, constipation, diarrhoea, or indigestion in any form, seeing that not only are bowel complaints exceedingly common, but malarial fever itself affects chiefly the organs of digestion. The teeth also should be in good order, and there should be no faddiness as to food. Freedom from any form of nervous derangement is the next point of importance, and any tendency to headache, insomnia, hysteria, insanity, depression, or fits should be carefully inquired into. Slight valvular disease of the heart with full compensation need not exclude, while chronic bronchitis in a slight form is likely to be better in a hot climate." As to age, the writer is of the opinion that between twenty-five and forty years is the most suitable period of life in which to go out to the Tropics. Referring to sex, Dr. Harford says: "It has usually been taken for granted that men will stand the changes of climate better than women, but experience does not prove this to be the case. It is also a strange fact, which may be only a coincidence, that I have known more men returning from a tropical climate with a breakdown of nervous system than women." Speaking of the kind of physique best calculated to resist the inroads of a tropical climate, the author thinks that the person of spare and wiry build is better adapted for the Tropics than the stout and full-blooded individual.

Dr.

The writer's suggestions as to habits of life, diet, and exercise are of much the same nature as those of other authorities on the subject. Of course he gravely warns Europeans in the Tropics against excess in alcoholic beverages-in fact, he deems it the wisest course for white men in tropical countries to refrain entirely from strong drink. Harford concludes by pointing out that if a person physically ill-fitted to stand the unaccustomed strain put upon his constitution by the climate of the torrid zone goes out to take part in any undertaking in a tropical country, that it is not only the risk to the individual himself which has to be considered. Many such an undertaking has been demoralized, not only by failure of health on the part of the few, but from the fact that the more able-bodied have been obliged to spend their time in nursing the weaker members of the party. TREATING GENERAL PUERPERAL SEPTICEMIA BY IRRIGATION WITH SALINE

INTRAABDOMINAL SOLUTION.

Dr. James Hawley Burtenshaw recently read before the New York Polyclinic Society an account of a case of general puerperal septicæmia which came under his care, treated in the manner described above with successful results. The woman thus infected was in a very grave condition, and Dr. Burtenshaw resolved to irrigate the entire abdominal cavity thoroughly with saline solution as a last resort.

The methods of procedure were as follows: Several gallons of saline solution, prepared according to the formula of Locke, containing sodium chloride 3 iiss; calcium chloride, gr. 34, and potassium chloride, gr. iss to the quart of sterilized water, was prepared and kept at a temperature approximating 110° F. A four-quart fountain syringe and tube were sterilized by boiling. The patient was given a few whiffs of chloroform, and a two-inch incision was made into the abdominal cavity, midway between the umbilicus and pubes.

A rubber pad was placed under her to catch the overflow, and the tube of the syringe was inserted through the opening as far as possible into the pelvis. For one hour the solution was permitted to flow into the cavity without intermission, and twenty minutes after the irrigation had been begun, ten ounces of urine of a specific gravity of 1,024 was obtained by catheter, and fifteen minutes later six ounces. At the end of an hour her temperature, which had been 104 F., had dropped to 102.6° F., her pulse rate, which had been 120, to 110; she was in a profuse perspiration, and her mental condition had greatly improved. At ten o'clock at night the irrigation was repeated for half an hour. A large quantity of urine had been collected. The bowels had moved freely twice, and her temperature and pulse rate had fallen in a satisfactory manner. A third irrigation was practised the following morning again for half an hour, and at three-hour intervals until ten o'clock the next morning, the cavity was filled with the saline solution. The next day the abdominal wound was closed with stitches, and the patient eventually made a complete recovery. Dr. Burtenshaw is of the opinion that the report of the above case is unique, on account of the length of time the irrigation was practised, the effect of the irrigation on the kidneys and peritoneum, and the ultimate recovery of the patient without the ordinary sequels of septic peritonitis.

MEDICAL ATTENDANCE IN DEPARTMENT STORES.

When the summer shopping season is at its height in New York and in other large cities, it naturally often occurs that persons-principally women and children-who visit the hot and crowded department stores, are taken suddenly ill. As a rule, the individual is hurried into the street, or into the nearest druggist's store, where, if sufficiently ill, he or she must wait until an ambulance or physician appears. This involves much discomfort, and occasionally even more unpleasant consequences. The New York Tribune, June 29, describes a system now in vogue in many of the large department stores of New York, by means of which medical attendance or nursing aid may be obtained on the premises. These stores have sick rooms, suitably furnished and provided with the necessary equipment. A woman is in attendance who is supplied with a number of simple remedies, the use of which she understands.

In most of the large stores there is also a physician, either on the place or within easy reach, while a trained nurse is always kept on the premises. If the patient is not relieved by simple remedies, the trained nurse is sent for, and then, if dangerous symptoms supervene, the store physician is summoned. In a human hive, like a modern department store, where thousands are employed, and where thousands come and go during the day, facilities at hand for medical attendance are not only a necessity, but, as the writer in the Tribune says, "represent actual money-saving to the firm. Employees, who would lose a day's work if sent home, can frequently return to their duties after being treated in the physician's office. In case of an accident to employees or customers, the presence of a physician may not only prevent serious consequences which would follow delay in receiving medical aid, but insure a valuable witness in case of a damage suit."

It may be said that in most stores the physician's salary is paid by the firm and employees in conjunction, while he treats all employees free of charge.

PLAGUE AND FLEAS.

Simond's theory that fleas traveling from rats which have died from plague have frequently bitten human beings and thereby disseminated the disease, has up to the present met with little favor among those who have closely investigated the malady. Simond's view, as set forth in Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, Vol. XII, 1898, p. 628, is as follows: "The idea of transmission by means of a parasite, which would seem to be the conclusion drawn from clinical experience, is in accordance with the invasion of sick rats by fleas, which several hours after death abandon the cadavers to attack

other animals and man." This is confirmed (1) by the presence of the specific microbe in the intestinal contents of the flea; (2) by other certain peculiarities of transmission from rat to man, and from man to man, in which latter case it is possible that other parasites, more particularly the bedbug, may intervene; (3) by the possibility of the transmission of plague to a healthy rat by his cohabitation with an infected rat with fleas, when such cohabitation of healthy rat and flealess infected rat is uniformly innocuous. The great stumbling-block to an acceptation of Simond's theory has been the assertion made by several authorities-and especially by Professor Galli Valerio-that fleas from rats will not bite human beings. Now, however, Dr. Frank Tidswell of Sydney, well known for his studies and reports on plague, has come forward with the statement that some of the fleas which infest rats will bite human beings. He writes thus in the British Medical Journal, June 27: "In opposition to Simond's hypothesis that bubonic plague is disseminated by fleas from infected rats, it has been urged that the fleas of rats will not bite human beings. Simond himself, whilst admitting his inability to pronounce upon the species of fleas found by him upon rats, nevertheless clearly states that they bit human beings upon whom they were placed. Prof. Galli Valerio of Lausanne has reported that the species of fleas found by him upon rats are Typhlopsylla musculi and Pulex fasciatus, and that neither of them will bite man. Simond's observations were made in India and Valerio's in Europe, and it seemed by no means improbable that their conflicting results were due to the fleas found by them being of different species. It does not follow that the fleas harbored by rats in two widely different places would be exclusively of the same species.

With

a view to determine this point a collection of fleas was made from the rats coming under my examination during the recent epidemic of plague at Sydney. Of 100 fleas obtained ΙΟ were identified as Pulex fasciatus, 8 as Typhlopsylla musculi, I as Pulex serraticeps, and 81 as Pulex pallidus. It will be seen that no less than four species were represented, and most abundantly one (pallidus) (pallidus) not hitherto mentioned, as far as I am aware, ring on ordinary rats. Its stated hosts are Mus albipes of Socotra and Herpestes ichneumon of Egypt. This species bit in laboratory trials, as did also Pulex fasciatus upon one occasion. Pulex serraticeps is well known to attack man.

as occur

News of the Week.

Roof-garden for Tuberculous Patients.-Dr. Edward Martin, Director of Public Health and Charities of the City of Philadelphia, has had erected on the roof of the Philadelphia Hospital a capacious garden, 200 feet long by 30 feet wide, with accommodations for 100 tuberculous patients, who will spend all of their time there. The floor is well boarded, and a covering of heavy duck canvas affords protection against inclement weather.

To Suppress the Toy-pistol. The Pennsylvania State Board of Health, in view of the number of deaths due to the toy-pistol, will recommend to the State Legislature the passing of an act surrounding the use of this dangerous weapon with suitable restrictions.

A Graduate Prize at the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia.-By the will of Spencer Morris, formerly professor of medical jurisprudence and toxicology, the sum of $12,500 is bequeathed to the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia, the income from which is to be awarded annually to the member of the graduating class who receives the highest general average at the final examinations for the degree of doctor of medicine.

Association of Surgeons of the Southern Railway Co. This meeting was held at Fortess Monroe, Va., July 7, 8, and 9, under the Presidency of Dr. Rhett Goode of Mobile, Ala. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, Dr. R. L. Payne of Norfolk, Va.; First Vice-President, Dr. J. S. Voyles of Corinth, Miss.; Second Vice-President, Dr C. P. Martin of Blockton, Ala.; Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. J. J. Harrison, Jr., of Loudon, Tenn. As honorary members were elected Drs. Floyd W. McRae of Atlanta, Ga., and E. Franklin Smith of New York. The next place of meeting will be Louisville, Ky.

Bequests to Philadelphia Hospitals.-By the adjudication of the will of the late Mary M. Johnson of Philadelphia bequests to the following hospitals become operative: Pennsylvania Hospital, $10,000; Insane Department of the Pennsylvania Hospital, $10,000; Asylum for the Relief of Persons Deprived of Their Reason, $10,000; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, $10,000; Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia, $10,000; Howard Hospital, $5,000; Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-minded Children, $5,000; Orthopedic Hospital, $5,000; Philadelphia Home for Incurables, $2,000; Children's Seashore House, Atlantic City, $2,000.

New Jersey State Dental Society. The annual meeting of this society was held at Asbury Park on July 15, 16, and 17. The election of officers resulted as follows: President, Dr. Herbert S. Sutphin of Newark; Vice-President, Dr. W. D. Chase of Princeton; Secretary, Dr. Charles A. Meeker of Newark; Treasurer, Dr. Henry A. Hull of New Brunswick. It was decided to hold the convention[next year at Asbury Park.

Medical Department of the University of Chicago. —It is announced that Mr. John W. Rockefeller has expressed his approval of the various items contained in the $1,000,000 fund raised by the trustees of Rush Medical College as a condition to the admission of that institution to the University of Chicago. The approval of the fund means that the college will soon become an integral part of the

The New Jersey Consumptives' Home. It has been discovered that, although the New Jersey Legislature appropriated $300,000 for the erection of a State Home for Consumptives at Glen Gardner, no bill for the disbursement of this sum was passed, consequently the appropriation is not available. As a result of this omission, it has been necessary to stop work on the sanatorium and to wait until the Legislature meets again and a bill for the proper distribution of the money can be passed.

Another Consumption Cure.-The Chicago Board of Health, having shown that a drop of lemon-juice on an oyster will give a quietus to the typhoid bacilli in its stomach, has now issued a bulletin calling attention the anti-tuberculous serum of Maragliano of Genoa. This scientist, who resembles the traditional prophet to a certain extent, delivered an address before the Madrid International Congress, abstracted in our cabled report of May 2, in which he decried the sanatorium treatment of consumption and lauded the use of a so-called immunizing serum. There is nothing new in the preparation of anti-tuberculous sera. They were prepared and tried long before Maragliano's announcement, and have proved to be of little, if any, practical value. Tuberculosis is not a self-limited disease, nor is one who has been cured of the disease necessarily, or even usually, immune against future invasions of the tubercle bacillus. It would be a great calamity if the popular movement in favor of sanatoria should be arrested now by the preachments of the Maraglianos with their anti-tubercle serums.

Dr. Henry L. Shively of this city has been appointed visiting physician to St. Joseph's Hospital.

Typhoid Fever at Ithaca.—The newspapers have recently published reports that typhoid fever was. again epidemic at Ithaca. These reports have been denied, but at the same time it is admitted that there are some cases in the city and that the public water supply is still liable to pollution. Dr. George A. Soper of the New York State Board of Health has made a statement that the total number of cases in Itacca on July 16 was nine, of which three were more than two weeks old, and that there were less than half a dozen suspicious cases under observation. The general health conditions of the city, he says, are satisfactory, "except for the water supply. The attention of the local Board of Health has been called to this subject, and energetic steps are now being taken to remove the sources of pollution." Those "energetic steps" should have been taken last spring, and the fact that they are only "now being taken," at the beginning of the season of typhold-fever prevalence, is not reassuring.

A Strike of Hospital Nurses.-Seventeen nurses at the Milwaukee, Wis., county hospital, the entire staff, went out on strike on July 17. They rebelled against the strict discipline enforced by the head nurse, and when the superintendent refused their demands for the discharge of the offender, the young women all left at once.

The Plague in Chile.-The United States Minister at Santiago de Chile has sent a cable dispatch to the State Department reporting a serious state of affairs in Chile in consequence of the rap progress of bubonic plague in nearly all the seaport towns. He says that the plague, which it was thought was confined to a few places, is now spreading to nearly all ports. The alarm in Chile is so great that the postal service is disorganized, and only one American mail has been received at Santiago in nine weeks.

A Dinner to Mr. Jonathan Hutchinson.-A number of friends of Mr. Hutchinson gave him a com

plimentary dinner on Thursday of this week, which was the seventy-fifth anniversary of his birthday. The dinner was held at the Trocadero Restaurant, London, and in deference to the honored guest's views on the causation of leprosy it is understood that the usual fish course was omitted.

The New York City Hospital for Consumptives.— Mr. Homer Folks, Charity Commissioner of this city, recently presented to the board of estimate a report setting forth his views as how best to establish a hospital near the city for the treatment of consumptives. He says that the new hospital must have an elevation of from 600 to 1,000 feet, must be sufficiently remote from thickly settled regions to insure pure air, must be sheltered from northerly winds, have an abundant supply of good water and be accessible by rail. He recommended that the sanatorium be built to accommodate 500 patients, and that the buildings and grounds cover an area from 250 to 400 acres. It will not be necessary to construct many expensive buildings. Cheap wooden structures for some of the patients, and tent cottages, such as have been constructed at the Tuberculosis Infirmary on Blackwell's Island by this department, are inexpensive and are probably better suited to the needs of the patients, so far as dormitory purposes are concerned, than more expensive buildings. The cost of these tent cottages at Blackwell's Island, accommodating twelve patients each, is about $90 for materials and $30 for labor. Such a site as is desired, Mr. Folks says, could be secured for from $100 to $250 an acre. He estimates the yearly cost of the maintenance of 500 patients at $182,500.

Care of Consumptives in the City. In a lecture delivered by Dr. S. A. Knopf before the Summer School in Philanthropic Work, conducted by the Charity Organization Society of the City of New York, July 17, 1903, a plea was made for increasing the open-air facilities for the poor suffering from tuberculosis. Two things, he said, could be done for the immediate relief of these sufferers: First, one or two recreation piers should be reserved exclusively for pulmonary invalids. There they could spend the greater part of the day; one or two nurses could be detailed to supervise them. At least a few hundred of the consumptive sufferers among the poor could thus be made comfortable. Another way of caring for the earlier cases of tuberculosis during the summer would be to take them on daily excursions on the river or sound. There they could be cared for in the same way as on the pier. The hospitals within the city limits, besides the two on the islands, which offer a number of their beds to consumptive sufferers, could also, Dr. Knopf said, increase the comfort of this class of patients during the hot weather by making the top of their buildings into roof-gardens suitable for the open-air cure and for sleeping quarters for the consumptives at night. On the top of nearly every hospital a roof-garden could be improvised by covering it with a canvas roof to which were attached side-flaps for use when protection from sun or rain was necessary. With a few flowers and a little shrubbery here and there, the place could be made very attractive and the whole system could be installed with relatively little expense.

The Medical Uses of Radium.-A despatch to The Sun quotes from an article in the London Times of July 18, dealing with the practical uses of which radium can be put. "Some of the most hopeful and most important uses of radium," the writer says, "are in the field of medicine. Physicists and doctors

complain of the impossibility of regulating the character of x-rays so as to repeat with certainty any desired result. Radium gives a beautifully consistent and uniform supply of rays. Instead of the cumbrous focus tube, nearly as large as a football, and the manifold expensive items of the x-ray outfit, a glass tube somewhat smaller than a toothpick and containing from one-tenth to one-fifth of a grain of radium, has already been successfully employed in cases of cancer, since the little tube can be inserted in cavities no larger than the nostril. In a great many cases in which it was impossible to use the x-rays, radium has been readily employed, as is shown by the following case at Charing Cross Hospital: A rodent cancer of the nose which had recurred after an operation and had been successfully treated by the x-rays, was subjected to a short exposure of radium. Four exposures, aggregating about an hour, were given at intervals of a few days. In three weeks the diseased part was healing well, and in six weeks, after two further exposures, the cancer disappeared completely without leaving any visible scar. Similar success in treating a cancer was reported from Vienna last week. The fact that radium inclosed in a lead box an inch thick and brought near a person in a dark room causes the same feeling as a flash of light on the retina, even when the eyelids are tightly closed, and that the same sensation is experienced by the blind, is attracting the serious. attention of medical men, and the successful treatment of many other diseases than cancer may be confidently expected in the near future.

Obituary Notes.-Dr. EDWARD V. ARMSTRONG died in the Presbyterian Hospital in New York on July 16. He was thirty years of age, and was a retired assistant surgeon of the United States Navy. His death was due to a tropical fever he contracted while serving in the far East. When the Spanish war became inevitable, Dr. Armstrong offered his services, and was appointed an assistant surgeon on April 15, 1898. He served on the Scorpion during the war, and then went to the Philippines. There he contracted the fever, and was very sick, but recovered partly. His eyes were affected, and this caused his retirement from the navy. returned here and never regained his strength.

He

Dr. A. E. ROGERS, assistant physician at the Bonner Springs, Kansas, Sanatorium, lost his life on July 16 in an attempt to save one of the patients in a fire which destroyed the building. Three of the patients were burned to death at the same time.

Dr. THOMAS M. ROCHESTER of Brooklyn died on July 12, at the home of his mother in Rochester, N. Y., of pulmonary tuberculosis. He was a great grandson of Col. Nathan Rochester, the founder of the city which was named after him. He was a graduate of the Medical Department of the University of Buffalo in 1878, but settled in Brooklyn soon after entering the profession, and practised there until compelled by the state of his health to retire, three years ago.

EPILEPTICS-JENNER INSTITUTE-SUNDAY FUND-THE
LATE WM. CADGE OF NORWICH
LONDON July 3, 1903.

THE first Fitz Patrick Lectures have been duly delivered at the Royal College of Physicians. This lectureship was founded by the widow of the late Dr. FitzPatrick, and the "History of Medicine" was the subject chosen by Mrs. FitzPatrick as one in which her husband had been greatly interested. Dr. J. F. Payne delivered the first course, and having said that the "pious and generous gift" of the foundress deserved the cordial thanks of the college, already rendered, but also recognition from all who are interested in the progress of the two sciences, medicine and history. He further said the services of Dr. Norman Moore, who had been Mrs. FitzPatrick's adviser as to this scheme, deserved recognition, and added that he would have wished Dr. Moore to be the first lecturer, but he had decidedly declined.

"

Dr. Payne spoke of Dr. Norman Moore as our eminent Fellow" and as an "intimate friend of our deceased member" This member he described as "a physician of great worth, learning, and accomplishments, but he expressed no surprise that such a physician had never been elected a Fellow. One would have supposed that Dr. Moore, who knew his "worth, learning, and accomplishments," would have reported them to his fellowofficials at the college. But then these are not precisely the qualifications for election to the Fellowship, and no doubt his intimate friend knew that Dr. FitzPatrick's modesty would never permit him to ask for admission to the self-elected inner circle. Curiously enough Dr. Payne, in commenting on the "lamentable apathy and little industry" of English physicians toward medical history, went on to say that in medical biography we have an unequalled work in the late Dr. Munk's Roll of the College. But that work, valuable as it is, by its nature excludes all practitioners who did not belong to the college, and it cannot be pretended that any one of the corporations embraced at any period the whole of the profession. Still the roll which was produced by the patient accumulation of the materials through many years before Dr. Munk was asked to print it is an important contribution containing all that he could ascertain about those who joined the college from its foundation in 1518 down to 1825. Though Dr. Payne lamented our apathy and perhaps exaggerated it a little, he did justice to continental productions and added that our cousins across the Atlantic are now displaying characteristic energy and zeal in the study of the antiquities of medicine.'

To return to the lectures, Dr. Payne began, so to say, at the beginning of the history, and it being impossible to extend his view over a long period confined himself to Anglo-Saxon medicine, dating its commencement from the introduction of Christianity by Augustine (A. D. 597), though it must be admitted that there are vestiges of earlier medical beliefs. It is to the schoolmen we must look for the few hints of anything like medical teaching. King Alfred evinced interest in medicine, and Helias of Jerusalem sent him certain prescriptions, including the Theriaca of Andromachus. Next came the "Leech Book, a sort of primitive manual of medicine, borrowed for the most part from the later Greek physicians as freely as our modern textbook writers copy from each other. I may say the same for the Herbaria which followed, especially as to the figures of plants which were copied by the compilers of the Anglo-Saxon MSS. With regard to native plants, of course the descriptions could not have been taken from Greek or Latin writers, and they show considerable knowledge of botany. These and other Anglo-Saxon books were referred to by Dr. Payne, who dealt particularly with the magical rites and charms described in them.

Passing by these, which the lecturer divided into seven classes and commented on each, we come to the later AngloSaxon books. One of these Περὶ Διδάξεων differs much from the others; it gives recipes which are collected from them and many others. It is also quite free from the charms and superstitions, and seems to be based on the writings of the school of Salerno. It belongs to the early part of the twelfth century and shows that the AngloSaxons were profiting by Salerno before that school came under the influence of the Arabian medicine. It also shows the continuance of Anglo-Saxon medicine long after the conquest, as does a MŠ. of the Herbarium of Apulieus of about the same period, and which closes the early English medical literature, as does the Anglo