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THE UNIVERSALITY OF BEAUTY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS.

That Beauty is not an accident, but of the essence of nature-Everywhere

present to the eye, and through all the seasons-In the heart of objects

and of the earth itself-In water (in even a splash made by a drop), and

in atmosphere and ether; and in all worlds known, and in the relations

between them-But not only an infinity of extension, but an infinity of

intensity and complexity also to be taken into account, and beauty to be

thought of in worlds suggested by sense and science but imperceptible-

In the laws of the cosmos which exist as mathematical relations-The

idea of it also involved in the constructive skill of bird and beast-And in

the language and customs, and in the moral and spiritual life of man-The

more we are developed mentally and morally the more do we demand and

delight in beauty in all relations-And all these facts seem to imply that

beauty enters essentially into the make and constitution of the universe,

and that it is co-existent and co-extensive with material and spiritual

being-Tyndall quoted in authority on the point, and the bearing of his

remarks on the theories already discussed—A new series of questions

arises: (1) What existence have laws of nature?-Opinions quoted--

Helmholtz on the question, and his judgment adopted as approximately

true-(2) Must things be in reality as we must think them to be ?-Only

consistency needed for the settlement of the question-(3) Does God love

the beauty which we enjoy ?-The question may seem beyond our grasp,

but practically and in reality easy of settlement-Objection by A. R.

Wace to the idea of the Creator's love of beauty being analogous to ours

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UNIVERSITY
CALIFORNIA

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TASTE.

CHAPTER I.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TASTE, IN RELATION ESPECIALLY TO THE BEAUTIFUL IN NATURE: LOWER ANIMALS-PREHISTORIC MANSAVAGES-EGYPTIANS-AND ASSYRIANS.

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THE development of taste, in the individual and through the ages, is a subject of vast extent, and great variety and complexity in its details; and for a thorough and exhaustive treatment of it, it would require not one, but many writers, each of them a master in his own department of art or branch of knowledge, and not a few chapters only, but volumes of patient industry and learning. For taste, as the faculty of appreciatively discerning what is beautiful, has to do with all departments of thought and with every sphere of life, and there is almost no relation in any sphere in which it may not be shown-in action and dress; in speech and behaviour; by our preferences and aversions in the house or out of it; in our manners and customs social and political; by architecture and sculpture and poetry and painting; and in every way, in short, in which we can express ourselves in society, or utter our emotions or our thoughts, may we make known what are our tastes, and where we stand in culture and civilization. And, in that way

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of it, the history of the ages, since the first appearance of life on our globe, is the history of the development of taste within them; and the records of progress are but the records of the advancing perceptions of truth, of goodness, or of beauty.

But our subject is of much more limited extent than the progress of taste, in the widest sense of it, from the beginning of life on our globe to the present moment. That would be beyond alike our ambition and our power. Our aim will only be to indicate, in a broad and general way, the development of a taste for the beautiful, especially in external nature. We will not, of course, exclude the consideration of all phenomena in other spheres of taste. On the contrary, we shall seek to indicate as we go along some points of progress in art and morality, and the general widening of the thoughts of men. But our main business will be to note the widening and growing intensity of a love for the beauty and grandeur of the outward, material world as distinguished from man and his works. And, having done that, we may be in a better position to consider with advantage various other questions relative to beauty which should be of interest to all, but especially to inquirers in philosophy and theology.

Without further preamble, then, and without raising any question in the meantime as to what beauty is, or of how we come to perceive it at all, we may ask, where in the scale of creation does a taste for beauty begin to be shown? Is it confined to man, or do we share it with the lower animals? And if we do share it with them, with which of them do we share it? With them all, or with only a few? And if with only a few, what are the few in particular? And the tions, it must be confessed, are, like many of their kind,

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THE LOWER ANIMALS.

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more easily asked than answered. Darwin's theory of sexual selection, of course, rests mainly on the idea of a conscious choice by the females of particular males for some superiority of attraction in colour, or form, or odour, or voice; and the idea of an appreciation of beauty in the lower animals is, at least when applied to birds, an old one and a common one among common people, and we find it expressed, for instance, (and Darwin's idea also of sexual selection) by Addison,' by Thomson in his Seasons, and by Dr. Thomas Reid in his Essays on the Intellectual Powers. But whether it is involved in the facts, or supposed-to-be facts, adduced in support of it, is a different question and a doubtful one. The great naturalist himself, notwithstanding his frequent seeming assurance and his elaborately detailed illustrations in The Descent of Man, is yet wavering and contradictory in his exposition of his theory; and his rival naturalist, Wallace, is emphatic in his assertion that there is really not a particle of evidence in its favour, and he regards it with great distrust as a delusion and a snare.1 His own idea is that the "frequent superiority of the male bird or insect in brightness or intensity of colour, even when the general colouration is the same in both sexes," is primarily due, not to sexual selection, but "to the greater vigour and activity and the higher vitality of the male"; and he believes that the varied colours of animals have also an important purpose and use "in the facility it affords for recognition by the sexes or by the young of the same species, and that it is this use which probably fixes and determines the colouration in many cases." In short, he does not believe in sexual selection at all, but only

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