transplanted, being spaced in the new bed about two inches apart each way. Then when they begin to crowd each other again-usually when about three or four inches high-they are again transplanted. This time they are spaced six inches apart each way. It is Hyde's experience that lettuce which is transplanted twice grows better and is ready for market sooner than when transplanted only once. To get a heavy crop the plants must be kept growing without a check, for a stunted plant never does very well. Sprinkling is the system of applying water used by this intensive farmer. Watering his greenhouses is a very simple thing. They are equipped with a system of perforated pipes similar to those used in fire-extinguisher systems and, when the water is turned on, a fine spray reaches every corner of the building. Hyde has a well from which he pumps directly into the pipes and he has also made arrangements for using city water. Before the first crop of lettuce is planted, the soil is always sterilized. This is done by heating it with steam. Perforated pipes are buried in the ground and steam at ninety to one hundred pounds pressure is turned into them for half an hour. Hyde uses two sets of pipes and while one set is steaming he lays the other. He can steam a space six by fifty feet with one set of pipes. This heating of the soil kills all mold and fungus and is a great help in keeping the lettuce from disease and in killing weed seed. The ground must be sterilized once each year, and sometimes oftener. From two hundred to three hundred pounds of tobacco are burned every week in the thirteen greenhouses. The tobacco is used to kill the green aphis, a little bug whose principal ambition is to get on the under side of a fresh lettuce leaf and suck the juice. It is necessary to begin this fumigation when the plants are. very young, and it is wise to do it every week. This practice is worth while as a preventive, because it is hard to get rid of this particular pest if it once gets well established. Lettuce does not require a great deal of warmth. A good practice is to have the temperature about forty-five degrees at night, and about sixty-five during the day. It should be remembered, however, that a great deal of heat is developed in a glass house from the rays of the sun; and it is readily seen that on sunshiny days, even when it is quite cold outside, the consumption of fuel is not so very great. Hyde's plant has two eighty-horsepower boilers to furnish heat when needed. If the house is kept too warm and damp, the danger from rot, leaf burn, and green aphis is greatly increased. Lettuce rot is due to a fungus which lives upon decaying matter in the soil, and should have plenty of warmth to grow at its best. Even when the rot is in the soil it is not very likely to do much damage to the lettuce plants if the surface of the ground is not wet. If the ground is both warm and wet, the rot is almost sure to attack the lettuce. When it gets well started in the soil the only remedy is to sterilize. Nothing can be done for the affected lettuce, but by keeping the house cooler and drier the spread of the disease may be checked. Such are the methods used by Mr. Hyde, learned by years of experience, and the lesson is one which any lettuce grower must absorb before he can hope to be successful. The natives, whom the Dutch have impressed into service, build bridges by their own methods. The piles are started with a rope tackle which shoots them into the mud. HOW THE DUTCH DRIVE STAKES WHEN the Dutch desire a thing to be done they press into service every instrument available, whether that instrument be inanimate or a human being. The illustration shows how they have made a success of their colonies in the East Indies. It is a typical instance. One of the small streams on the Island of Sumatra had to be properly bridged in order to link up one village with another. The bridge shown under construction is crude but substantial. After the piling has been sharpened at one end, cables or cordage are fastened to it and the great stake is made to stand on its head. The cords are drawn as taut as possible by the force of impressed laborers, and suddenly the stake shoots, or plunges, point downward into the mud of the river bottom, where it at once becomes embedded. With the stake or pile thus in position it is comparatively easy to drive it in. the Russian tunic with its short overskirt reaching half way down on a narrow skirt beneath, to trousers for women. They are covered with a wide, divided skirt of the same kind of material. The trouserette skirt, as it is called, gives great freedom in walking and the effect of the narrow skirt THE TROUSERS CAN which has been adopted by women for months. BE VERY QUICKLY CONCEALED MOVING THE BANK BUILDING street, and the south corner three-eighths of an inch beyond the bank's line. The fin ished stonework and the rough quarry stone above the foundation wall made a maximum projection of four inches. The contractor claims he made a good measurement, but that the building actually rolled forward after it had gone the full distance. The jacks, without the rollers, were used to tip the building back the required distance, and, after a three weeks' journey, the handsome edifice was at rest. A new foundation is being built for it and the work of widening the street has gone Even though the structure weighed almost two thousand tons it was picked up and rolled back seventeen feet. MOVE GREAT BUILDING THE building of the Five Cents Savings Bank in New Bedford, Massachusetts, weighing approximately eighteen hundred ninety tons, was moved recently from its foundation to a position seventeen feet back. This was done in order that it might be flush with the street, which is being widened. The great building was rolled back so quietly that the occupants were not disturbed by the process, business being carried on daily within. Fine thread jack screws were used, the four-story building being loaded on rollers supported by heavy timbers. One complete revolution of a crowbar in one of the jacks served to move the building less than one-half inch. When the building had been pushed back the seventeen feet planned for it, and the contractors had begun removing the rollers, it was discovered that the north corner projected one-eighth of an inch into the on. CAPABLE OF HAULING TWENTY BARGES This English tug is driven by an aerial propeller and so can navigate very shallow streams. It is the first of its kind to be built. The blades are whirling so fast they cannot be seen, but they are on the POTATO BUG TO SWALLOW VISITORS is to be used as a lecture-room and as a moving picture and stereopticon auditorium. The platform, at the thorax end, will give access to the chest or prothorax, in which will be a rest room with seats in amphitheater form. Here lectures on beetles will be given. TRULY BIG AS A HOUSE This great bug, one of the Panama-Pacific attractions, will show how the potato beetle does its work. SCIENTISTS at the Panama-Pacific Exposition have produced a kicking, sprawling, man-eating insect as big as a barn. The insect is a common or garden variety of potato beetle. Its movable jaws will form one entrance to its vitals. Its interior is equipped with electric lights, easy chairs, sanitary plumbing, and conveniences, and moving-picture screens to show how the scourge of the potato patch manages to ruin so many acres of potato vines. Its eyes, composed of multiple facets, form the windows, and illustrate how the insects can see in a dozen directions at the same time. The model, which is scientifically accurate, and can writhe and munch and kick, will be exhibited as one of the thousands of working models in the vast Horticultural Palace. The creature will be forty feet in length, twenty feet wide, and forty feet from the floor to its waving feet, and will have a bizarre covering of orange and black striped canvas. The frame is of gas-pipe, over which the painted canvas skin is laced. The legs, jaws and antennæ are filled with air sacks and, when air pressure is applied through a spraying hose, will be endowed with lifelike mo- . tions. Within the model are three rooms at different levels. The largest, in the body, TO CARRY INSTEAD of putting the birds in wooden crates, as is the custom in America, the Chinese dealer in fowls uses the method shown in the illustration, when he transports and puts them on exhibition. The oriental race, accustomed to carrying burdens from the dawn of time, understands very thoroughly the importance of balancing one burden against the other. Hence one will nearly always find the Chinaman supporting a double burden by means of a yoke. Of course, the geese would jump out and scatter in all directions, if the dealer did not take the precaution of tying their legs together. The method, from the view- BECAUSE THEIR LEGS ARE The Chinaman can carry the DRIVING THE STEAM POINTS Pipes ten or twelve feet long are driven into the frozen ground. THAWING THE EARTH MECHANICALLY THAWING THE GROUND FOR THE MINERS Before the big Alaskan dredges start to work steam is forced into the ground to soften it. IN thawing out frozen ground quickly enough to suit a certain class of workers man follows at least one calling in which Nature does not voluntarily perform her functions. In some portions of Alaska, especially where the richest mines and ore fields are located, the summer season is very short compared with our own, and mining men must be eternally on the job to get their tasks done. Naturally, they fight long and hard against the coming of each succeeding winter. Frozen earth is ruinous to the surface dredging machines designed to eat into the earth and bring forth gold-bearing material. As an economic factor a clever mining engineer has devised an elaborate ap paratus to chase Jack Frost away as early in the season as possible, in order that the big dredg FLASHLIGHT FOR AERONAUTS A NEW flashlight for aeronauts and aviators has recently been placed upon the roof of the City College in Bonn. It is of eight thousand five hundred candle-power, and is operated entirely by automatic arrangement. The structure was put up by the Berlin Aeronautical Association. By a series of flashes known to both aviators and balloonists, LIGHTHOUSE FOR AERONAUTS This is the first structure of the kind to be erected in Germany. It is on the roof of the City College in Bonn. it signals its position on the darkest night. |