various sizes; also by their fragrant odor and sweet, aromatic taste. Contains 2 per cent of vol. oil, which consists of two portions. Anethol.

APIUM.

A. graveolens.

Celery.

Celery is minute, less than a twentieth of an inch in diameter, ovate, laterally compressed, smooth; resembles anise; twelve to fifteen oil tubes, and five ribs to each mericarp. Aromatic odor; warm, sweet taste.

SEMEN PETROSELINUM.

P. sativum.

Parsley Seed.

Half fruits, small, ovate, flat on one side, convex on the other; smooth, about a line in diameter, dark green; each mericarp has five, narrow, equal, longitudinal ribs, and six oil tubes. Terebinthinate odor; warm, aromatic taste.

Oblong, Terete, Smooth, Vitta Six. FENICULUM.

Ribs Prominent, Obtuse. Feniculum.
Ribs Thin, Obtuse.

F. dulce.

Phellandria.

Fennel.

Extensively distributed over the world. Varies considerably in the length of the fruit; the longest attains the length of half an inch. Oblong, terete, sometimes curved; the cremocarp is scarcely flattened; transverse section nearly circular, dark brown, smooth; the five primary ribs are light brown, prominent and obtuse; the lateral are on the edge, and rather broadest; one oil tube in each depression, two on the commissure. Usually appear as half fruits, but are not unfrequently connected by their flat surface. There are said to be two varieties; one of them about two lines in length, dark brown, rather flattened, usually in half fruits, and without footstalks; the other about half an inch long, light brown, ribs more prominent, often in the whole state, and frequently furnished with footstalks. Both are of a fragrant odor, and of a warm, sweet, aromatic taste. Contains three per cent. vol. oil chemically identical with oil of anise. Anethol.

PHELLANDRIA.

Water Hemlock.

From a line to a line and a half in length, oblong, terete, narrow above, compressed somewhat, smooth, marked with ten thin, obtuse ribs, and crowned with the stylopodium; six oil tubes; yellowishbrown color; strong, disagreeable odor; acrid, aromatic taste.

Biennial plant, about two feet high, with an erect, branching stem. The flowers appear in June, and the fruit, which does not mature till the second year, ripens in August; the fruit growing in the northern part of Europe is the most highly valued. It generally occurs in mericarps; these are about two lines in length, oblong, laterally compressed, slightly curved, and of a dark brown color; five longitudinal ribs to each mericarp; these are smooth, and of a lighter color; six large oil tubes, easily observed. Aromatic odor; warm, spicy taste. Contains four to six per cent. vol. oil. Consists of two portions carvene and carvole.

CUMIN,

Cuminum Cyminum.

Cumin Seed.

This resembles Carui, but is distinguished by the odor, which is entirely different and also by its occuring in the whole state, not in halves, as Carui. Oblong, laterally compressed; vittæ six; eighteen smooth ribs. Contains vol. oil-hyduret of cumyl.

Annual, about four feet high, with an erect, striated, branching stem. The fruit is about two lines in length, and less than one line broad, of an oval-oblong shape, thin, concave on one side, convex and striated on the other, dorsally compressed, of a brown color, and surrounded by a yellowish membranous expansion; this is due to the lateral ribs being developed into wings; ten smooth ribs; generally appears in half fruits. Peculiar aromatic odor; warm, pungent taste. Contains one to two per cent of vol. oil.

CAROTA.

Daucus Carota.

Carrot Seed.

Extensively distributed; when collected for medicinal purposes, they are taken from wild plants. The fruit consists of two planoconvex bristly mericarps, connected by the commissure; very light,

oval-oblong in appearance, dorsally compressed, and of a brownish color; six oil tubes; eighteen thin ribs, the primary being scarcely prominent, while the secondary are beset with long bristles. Aromatic odor; warm, slightly bitter taste. Contains minute portion

of vol, oil.

The structure of all the pericarps of the Aurantiaceae are similar. This consists of a thin, orange or greenish colored exterior layer, of a coriaceous consistence, abounding in vesicles filled with essential oil, and of an interior portion, which is very white, thick, insipid and spongy. The "Seville orange" furnishes the "Amari;" the rind of this is thinner and more delicate than the "Dulcis." The first is used as a tonic; the latter simply as an agreeable flavor. Grateful, aromatic odor; warm, bitter taste; this is much more manifest in the Seville. Contains vol. oil and Hesperidin.

Leathery, Grandular, Yellow.

LIMONIS CORTEX.

Citrus Limonum.

ހ

Lemon Peel.

The structure of this is identical with the above, differing only in the exterior portion being of a yellow color, and the taste less agreeable. Contains vol. oil and Hesperidin.

Hard, Brown, with Tubular Calyx.

GRANATI FRUCTUS CORTEX.

Punica Granatum.

Pomegranate Rind.

The fruit is a globular berry, about the size of an orange, crowned with the tubular calyx, covered with a reddish-yellow, thick,

leathery rind, and divided internally into numerous cells; these are arranged in two stories, fifteen to twenty in the upper, eight to nine in the lower, which contain a bright red acidulous pulp, and numerous oblong, angular seeds. The rind is found in commerce in the form of irregular pieces, hard, dry, brittle, of a brown color externally, paler within, without odor, and of an astringent taste. Contains twenty-eight per cent. tannin, sugar and resin.

9. PRESERVED FRUIT.

Acidulous, Red Brown, with Brown, Glossy Seeds.

TAMARINDUS.

T. Indica.

Tamarind.

Large tree, the only species of this genus. The fruit is a broad, compressed, red-brown pod, much curved, from two to six inches long, with numerous brown, flat, quadrangular, glossy seeds, contained in cells formed by a tough membrane. On the outside of this membrane is a light colored, acidulous, pulpy matter, between which and the shell are several tough, ligneous strings, running from the stem to the end of the pod, the attachment of which they help to strengthen. The shells are fragile and easily separated. They are preserved by placing the pods, previously deprived of their shells, in layers in a cask, and pouring boiling syrup over them; or by placing them in stone jars, with alternate layers of powdered sugar. They are then of a dark colored adhesive mass, consisting of syrup mixed with the pulp, membrane, &c., of the pod, and of a sweet acidulous taste. Should not have a musty smell. Copper, if present, may be detected by immersing in them a clean piece of steel, which will become coated with red matter. Contains sugar, citric, malic and tartaric acids, also pectin.

Shrub or small tree; the fruit is similar in shape to the pear, same tissues and same sub-order. In each of its several cells there are a large number of seeds inclosed (twenty or more); these adhere to each other, somewhat pressed. They are angular, ovate, from an eighth to three-eights of an inch in length, always more or lessirregularly pressed. Externally the testa is brown, but the epithelium is colorless and transparent, and contains the thick layer of mucilage, and this is the portion which swells. Internally the white embryo fills the seed completely. Inodorous; nearly insipid. No albumen is contained in seeds of N. O. Rosaceae. Contain twenty-five per cent. of gum and uncrystallizable sugar.

Small tree. The original is thought to be the one with the bitter kernel, and the sweet to be produced by cultivation. The fruit is a drupe, the peri. and sarcocarp leathery, and the endocarp (strong