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ALEXANDER, WILLIAM, an Irish bishop; born at Londonderry, April 13, 1824. He was educated at Oxford; was made bishop of Derry and Raphoe in 1867; has lectured extensively, appearing in America at Columbia College in 1892; has published The Divinity of Our Lord; Leading Ideas of the Gospels; and several volumes of poems, sermons and biblical commentaries.

ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY, scholar, and divine of the Scottish Congregational Church, was born at Leith, Aug. 24, 1808, and died at Pinkieburn, near Edinburgh, Dec. 22, 1884; published Christian Thought and Work; Connection and Harmony of Old and New Testament; Zechariah; and other doctrinal works.

ALEXANDER ÆTOLUS, scholar and poet of the Alexandrian period. Fragments of his elegiac verse remain, and are contained in Poeta Lyrici of Bergk.

ALEXANDER JOHN I, first prince of Rumania, was born March 20, 1820, and died in retirement at Heidelberg, May 15, 1873. In 1859 he was elected first prince of Moldavia and prince of Wallachia. On Dec. 23, 1861, he was recognized by Turkey, and the union of the two principalities, under the name of Rumania, was proclaimed; on the 23d of February, 1866, a revolution compelled his resignation, and from that date until close upon his death he lived in retirement at Vienna.

ALEXANDER KARAGEORGEVICH, prince of Servia, born at Topolya, Oct. 11, 1806. He was the son of Tsrni George, the first prince of Servia, who was murdered in 1817 by the agents of Prince Michael's father, who had then obtained the ascendency in Servian affairs. Michael was forced to abdicate in 1842, and Alexander, who previously had been in practical exile, was elected by the Serbs to succeed him. He was in power for 17 years, pursued a peace policy, and increased the internal improvements of his state. Finally, however, he became obnoxious to the people and was deposed Dec. 11, 1858. In 1868 he was sentenced by the Austrian authorities to eight years' imprisonment on account of his complicity in the murder of Prince Michael. He died at Temesvar, in Hungary, May 2, 1885.

ALEXANDER NEVSKI OR NEVSKOI, Russian prince, born in Valdimir in 1219 and died at Gorodetz, Nov. 14, 1263. He was the son of the Grand Duke Yaroslef II, whom he succeeded in 1246; took his surname from the River Neva, on which he won a remarkable victory over the Swedes in 1240. He has come to be regarded a .hero-saint by the Russians, and in 1712 Peter the

ALEXANDER JOSEPH OF BATTENBERG, prince of Battenberg and ex-prince of Bulgaria. father, Prince Alexander of Battenberg (Hesse), was the brother of the late empress of Russia. On April 29, 1879, he was elected hereditary prince of Bulgaria by the assembly of notables, having previously served with distinction in the war with Turkey. In 1885, King Milan of Servia having declared war against Bulgaria, he led his army to victory over the larger and more experienced one of Servia. The peace treaty was signed at Bucharest in the same year. In the following year, Russian machinations causing the revolt of part of his army, he abdicated, to be soon returned into power, greeted by popular favor, but finally, on account of the antagonism of Russia, to retire permanently to his estate at Gratz, in Styria, western Austria, where he died, Nov. 17, 1893.

ALEXANDERS (Smyrnium Olusatrum), a biennial plant of the family Umbelliferæ. It is found in waste ground and near ruins in Britain and the south of Europe. It was among the most common of cultivated umbelliferous plants in ancient times, and probably used in the same way as celery. The name Golden Alexanders is also applied to certain species of the North American genera Thaspium and Zizia.

ALEXANDRA CAROLINE MARIE CHARLOTTE LOUISE JULIE, PRINCESS OF WALES, was born Dec. 1, 1844, and married to Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, March 10, 1863. She is the eldest daughter of Christian IX, King of Denmark, and sister of the widow of Alexander III of Russia and the King of Greece.

ALEXANDRI OR ALECSANDRI, VASILE, a Rumanian poet and patriot, born at Jassy in 1821. He was educated at Paris, and after his return to Jassy in 1839 devoted himself to the ALEXANDRA, PRINCESS OF cause of Rumanian independence and unity. He was minister of foreign affairs under Ghika in 1859-60; died at Mircesti, in Moldavia, Sept. 4, 1890. Many of his writings, the most important of which is a collection of popular songs entitled Poesii Populare ale Românilor, have been translated into French, English and German.

WALES.

ALEXANDRIA, a manufacturing town in the county of Glengarry, eastern Ontario, Canada, is 70 miles by rail E. of Ottawa. Population 1881, 1,200; 1891, 1,614.

ALEXANDRIA, the capital of Rapides Parish, northwestern Louisiana, is on the Red River,

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ALEXANDRIA, the capital of Douglas County, west-central Minnesota, is 62 miles by rail W. of St. Cloud and 140 miles N. W. of St. Paul. Population 1880, 1,355; 1890, 2,118.

ALEXANDRIA, the capital of Hanson County, southeastern South Dakota, is 14 miles by rail E. of Mitchell and 105 miles N. W. of Sioux City. Population 1895, 614.

ALEXANDRIA BAY, a village of Jefferson County, north-central New York, is near the St. Lawrence and opposite the Thousand Islands; is much frequented as a summer resort. the nearest railway point, is 7 miles Population 1880, 587; 1890, 1, 123. ALEXANDRIAN CODEX. See ALEXANDRIAN

MS., Vol. I, p. 496.

Redwood, S. E. of it.

Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria in 1879. His death occurred Nov. 25, 1885, and his only daughter, Mercedes, was styled queen, under the regency of her mother. On the 17th of May, however, of the following year, a posthumous son, Alfonso XIII, was born.

ALFORD, a village of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It was here that Montrose defeated the Covenanters under Baillie, July 2, 1645.

ALFORD, CHARLES RICHARD, Anglican missionary and divine, ex-bishop of Victoria, Hongkong, was born in Somersetshire, England, in 1816, and now resides at Tunbridge Wells, Kent; was educated at St. Paul's School and Trinity College, Cambridge; held various pastorates, and was consecrated bishop of Victoria, Feb. 2, 1867, but resigned the see in 1872. He has published First Principles of the Oracles of God, and many sermons and pamphlets.

ALFRED, capital of York County, southwestern Maine; is 25 miles by rail S. E. of Portland.

Vol. XIV, p. 510.

ALEXANDRIAN PERIOD. See CHRONOLOGY, Vol. V, p. 714.

ALEXANDRITE. See MINERALOGY, Vol. XVI,

p. 386.

ALEXANDROPOL. See GUMRI, Vol. XI, p. 277. ALEXANDROV, a town in the Russian government of Vladimir, 55 miles by rail N. E. of Moscow. It has dye-works, and muskets and iron-ware are manufactured. Population, 5,810. ALEXANDROVSK, a fortified town on the Dnieper, in south-central Russia, in the government of Yekaterinoslav; is connected by rail with Moscow. Population, 4,300.

ALEXINATZ, a town in Servia, on the Morava

River. It is 100 miles S. E. of Belgrade. It fell into the hands of the Turks in 1876, and suffered severely after the battle which the Russians lost there at that time. Near the town, a memorial monument has been erected in honor of the Russians who fell in that battle. Tobacco is the principal export. Population, 6,000.

ALEXIS ALEXANDROVICH, grand duke of Russia, was born on the 14th of January, 1850, in St. Petersburg. He is a younger son of the emperor Alexander II, and in 1872 he traveled extensively in America.

ALEXISBAD, a health-resort in Anhalt, central Germany. It is situated within two miles of the town of Harzgerode, which is of great historical interest. Its baths and mineral springs are among the best known in Germany.

ALFALFA, a thickly growing grass, valued for forage; same as lucerne; q.v., under AGRICULTURE, Vol. I, p. 378; see FORAGE PLANTS, in these Supplements.

ALFONSO XII, king of Spain, the son of Isabella II, was born on the 28th of November, 1857, and when 11 years old went into exile with his mother. On Jan. 15, 1875, he became the king of Spain. Three years afterward, he married Mercedes d'Orleans, his cousin, who died

tion 1880, 1, 101; 1890, 1,030.

ALFRED ERNEST ALBERT, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and of Edinburgh, second son of Queen Victoria of England, was born at Windsor Castle, Aug. 6, 1844; in 1858 he entered the royal navy, and on Jan. 23, 1872, married the Grand Duchess Marie of Russia, daughter of Alexander II. They have had five children. See EDINBURGH, in these Supplements.

ALFRED CENTER, an inland village in Allegany County, southwestern New York; is two miles from Alfred station, on the Erie railroad. Alfred University, a non-sectarian institution having 125 students, is located here. Population 1890, 786.

ALFRETON, a market town of Derbyshire, England, on the Midland railroad, has manufactures of hats, stockings and brown earthenware. There are collieries and iron-works in the vicinity. Population, 4,626.

ALGÆ, the name applied to what are generally called "seaweed," though they are also abundant in fresh waters. They are distinguished from other thallophytes by containing chlorophyl (plant-green) and are therefore not dependent upon other organisms for food-supply. They occur in a vast variety of forms and sizes, from microscopic forms to the giant "kelp" of the Pacific Coast, which attains a length of from 1,000 to 1,500 feet. Great floating masses of the genus Sargassum give rise to the name Sargasso Sea. The fresh-water forms are commonly green, while the marine forms are more usually various shades of brown, yellow, red and purple. The ordinary grouping of algae is as follows: (1) Blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae); (2) Green algæ (Chlorophycea); (3) Brown alge (Phaophycea); and (4) Red alge (Rhodophycea). In the lowest members reproduction is entirely by cell-division, but sex-reproduction soon appears, and then the differentiation of sexes into dissimilar gametes (reproductive cells) is produced in dissimilar sex organs.

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is what is styled "cellular, "-that is, composed of thin-walled cells, and seldom shows any differentiation of such vegetative organs as root, stem, and leaf (a common distinction of thallophytes), although stem and leaf structures are freely developed in certain forms. From an evolutionary point of view, the alge are of great importance, as representing those thallophytes from which the higher groups have developed. From an economic point of view they are of small importance, although among them are found such edible forms as Irish moss, dulse, etc., and from others are obtained iodine, bromine, soda, etc., while many are valuable as fertilizers.

ALGAROVILLA, an astringent substance procured from the seeds and husks of a number of leguminous plants found in South America; is much used in dyeing, and is a very powerful agent in the tanning of leather. Also written ALGAR

ROBILLA.

ALGER, HORATIO, JR., author and Unitarian minister, was born in Massachusetts, Jan. 13, 1834; graduated at Harvard in 1852, and in 1864 became pastor of a Unitarian church in Brewster, Mass.; moved to N. Y., 1866; wrote boys' books, i.e., Paul Preston's Charge; Do and Dare; has also published lives of Webster, Lincoln and Garfield.

ALGER, RUSSELL ALEXANDER, lawyer and politician; born in Lafayette, Ohio, Feb. 27, 1836; admitted to the bar in 1859. He was captain in the Second Michigan cavalry, in 1861, and came out as brevet major-general, having distinguished himself at Gettysburg and in the Shenandoah Valley. After the war he was engaged in the lumber business in Detroit, and amassed a large fortune. In 1884 he was elected on the Republican ticket as governor of Michigan, and served for two years; was a candidate for the Presidential nomination at the Republican convention of 1888. In 1890 he was made commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, and in 1897 appointed Secretary of War.

ALGER, WILLIAM ROUNSEVILLE, American clergyman and author, was born in Freetown, Massachusetts, Dec. 30, 1822. He studied for the ministry, and became pastor of a Unitarian church in Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1852; later he accepted pastorates at Boston, New York, Denver, Chicago and Portland; has written A Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life; Genius of Solitude; Friendships of Women; and other works of a similar nature.

ALGERIA. The historic record given in Vol. I, pp. 562-569, brings the progress of Algeria down to 1871. When the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 compelled the emperor of France to withdraw his troops from Africa, the natives of Algeria entertained hopes of freeing themselves from the yoke of France. The insurrection which broke out in the provinces of Constantine and Oran was checked by General Durieu with great difficulty. After the fall of the empire, the republican government at Paris gratified the wishes of the Algerians by withdrawing from them the military

eral. General Chanzy was accused of governing the country despotically, and he was replaced by Albert Grévy in 1878. When France entered on a campaign against Tunis in 1881, an Arab chief (Bou Ameema) raised the standard of revolt in Algeria, and inflicted considerable losses on the French colonists, but was defeated at the end of about three months. Governor Grévy resigned three months later. three months later. The insurgents did not submit entirely until June, 1883. A civil governorgeneral has since administered the government of Algeria, which is regarded as a detached part of France, rather than as a colony. A small extent of territory in the Sahara is administered by the military authorities, represented by the commandant of the nineteenth army corps.

The French Chambers alone have the right of legislating for Algeria, while such matters as do not come within the legislative power are regulated by decree of the president of the republic. The governor-general is assisted by a council, whose function is purely consultative. A superior council, meeting once a year, to which delegates are sent by each of the provincial general councils, is charged with the duty of discussing and voting the colonial budget. Each department sends one senator and two deputies to the national assembly.

The boundaries of Algeria are not well defined, large portions of the territory in the outlying districts being claimed both by the French government and the nomad tribes who inhabit it and hold themselves unconquered. The colony is divided officially into three departments, consisting, as a whole, of the "Territoire civil," and a "Territoire de commandement." The following table gives the area of each of the three departments according to the census of 1891:

To this must be added what is designated the Algerian Sahara, of indefinite extent, but estimated at 350,000 square kilometers, or 135,000 square miles, and with a population vaguely estimated at 50,000. The civil territory is constantly increasing in area by taking in sections of the military territory. Of the population in 1886, 2,014,013 were males, and 1,791,671 females. The marriages among whites were 3,543, the births 15,618, and deaths 13,123,- showing an excess of 2,495 births over deaths. In 1891, of the total population there were 272,662 of French origin or naturalization, 47,667 naturalized Jews, 3,567,223 French indigenous subjects, 4,344 Tunisians,

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The population in 1891 of Algiers was 82,585; Oran, 74,510; Constantine, 46, 581; Bône, 30, 806; Tlemçen, 29,544; Ghardaja, 28,782; Blidah, 23,686; Tizi-Ouzou, 26,007. The receipts of the government are derived chiefly from indirect taxes, licenses, and customs duties on imports. The natives pay only direct taxes. The cost of maintenance of the army is not included in the budget. A proportion of the sums spent on public works is also paid by the state. The budget for 1896 estimated an expenditure of 74,010,620 francs, and a revenue of 53,015,019 francs. According to a special return, during the period from 1830 to 1888 the total expenditure in Algeria was 5,018,066,462 francs; the total receipts for the same period being only 1,256,041,004 francs, -showing an excess of expenditure of 3,762,025,458 francs, or over $753,000,000, being for military services. The total expenditure on The total expenditure on "colonization" is given as 144,205,504 francs.

About three and a quarter millions of the inhabitants are engaged in agriculture, nearly two hundred thousand thereof being Europeans. The annual crop of wheat is given as five and a quarter million metric quintals (nearly six billion pounds); barley, seven and a quarter million quintals; vines, over three and one half million hectoliters; tobacco, nearly four millions. The total area cultivated is 4,273,362 hectares. In 1891 the vineyards covered 150,000 hectares, and the animal stock, in the same year, was about seventeen millions. Nearly three thousand persons are employed in mines; the annual production of iron ore being 352,000 tons, worth 2,457, 190 francs, and that of other metals (blende, galena, copper, silver) 22,500 tons, the value being 1,426,475 francs.

The greatest portion of the commerce of Algeria is from France, from which it imports flour, animals, cotton, leather and metal goods, etc., of the annual value of 215,000,000 francs, and to which it exports cereals, wines, animals, wool, etc., to the value of 207,000,000 francs. Its greatest exports (next to France) are to Great Britain and Ireland, value of 14,000,000 francs; Belgium, 4,000,000; Spain, 2,400,000; Tunis, 2,280,000; Russia, Italy, Austria and the United States of America, about 1,500,000 francs (or $300,000) each. The chief imports (outside of France) are from Morocco, worth nearly 11,000,000 francs; Tunis, 11,300,000; Great Britain, 4,442,000; Spain, 4,700,000; Austria, 1,000,000; Italy and the United States, worth a little over 1,000,000 francs each. The annual imports from Turkey average 250,000 francs, and the exports thereto scarcely 22,000 francs.

About 3,600 vessels, of 2,165,000 tons, enter Algerian ports from abroad, and 3,400, of 2, 100,000 tons, clear annually. There is also a large coasting-trade. In 1893 the mercantile marine of Algeria consisted of 626 vessels, of 9,504 tons,

vessels. In the same year there were 1,956 English miles of railroad in operation in Algeria, including a Tunisian extension of 140 miles. The total receipts for the previous year were 21,908,225 francs, or $4,381,645.

The telegraph lines of Algeria measure 4,310 miles, comprising 10,000 miles of wire, with 356 offices. In the savings banks of the country there are about 17,000 depositors, whose deposits aggregate 4,866,000 francs, averaging 286 francs ($57.20) each.

ALGIERS, a suburb of New Orleans, Louisiana, was laid out as a village in 1815, but dates its growth from the building of the dry-docks in 1846. In 1852 it was incorporated as a city, and grew rapidly until the commencement of the Civil War, during which it suffered severely. It was made a ward of the city of New Orleans in 1870. Here are the Southern Pacific iron and car construction works, other iron-works, shipyards, dry-docks, and machine and boiler shops. It is connected with the city proper by ferry-boats, and is the terminus of two railway lines. Population 1880, 8,855; 1890, 10,811.

ALGIN. See MUCILAGE, Vol. XVII, p. 12. ALGOL. See ASTRONOMY, Vol. II, p. 819. ALGOMA, the northwestern district of Ontario, Canada; borders on Lakes Huron and Superior, and includes Great Manitoulin Island. It contains copper and silver mines; is well wooded and watered, and has an area of 43,150 square miles. Two branches of the Canadian Pacific railroad traverse the territory. It is populated chiefly by Indians, a few white farmers being settled in the eastern part. It is the see of an Episcopalian bishop. Population, 7,018.

ALGONKIAN PERIOD, in geology, immediately succeeds the Archæan. In the Upper Great Lakes region of North America are found the typical formations of this period. At the base of the pre-Cambrian rocks of the United States and Canada lies the Fundamental Complex, a formation of the Archæan period, and regarded by geologists as the earliest of the whole. Next above this series occurs the enormous succession of rocks roughly called Algonkian. Several distinct formations are found in this succession, which leads to the conclusion that this period may have equaled in duration the sum of several succeeding periods. In all later periods a fossil fauna may be found, of which no traces have yet been observed in the deposits of the period in question. The following table gives the formations of this period. Further details may be found in Geikie's Text-Book of Geology.

KEWEENAWAN. (Nipigon of W. Ontario.)

Detrital rocks, derived, in large measure, from the degradation of the volcanic series below; 15,000 feet.

Sheets of basic and acid lavas, with intercalated masses of sandstone and conglomerate. Said to reach a thickness of 35,000 feet.