ALVAREZ, BERNARDO D', Spanish adventurer, born in Seville in 1514. He went to Peru when a boy, where he accumulated a large fortune, which he devoted to charitable purposes. He founded the benevolent order of St. Bernardine, and established hospitals in several cities in New Spain. He died in Spain in 1584.

ALVAREZ, DIEGO D', Mexican priest, born in Guadalajara about 1750. At the age of 16 he had finished his education, and later wrote 23 volumes of manuscript on a large range of subjects, but only one of them was published. He died in 1824.

ALVAREZ, JUAN, a Mexican general, born at Concepcion de Atoyac (afterward Ciudad Alvarez), Jan. 27, 1780. He joined in the revolt of Morello, and in 1853 became governor of Guerrero. He then engaged in the revolt against Santa Anna, organizing an army, and was aided by Comonfort, and promulgated a decree still remembered as the plan of Ayutla. In July, 1855, Santa Anna was defeated, and Alvarez was declared president; but his policy, in antagonizing the army and the clergy, made him so unpopular that he resigned in favor of Comonfort, his secretary of state. He subsequently supported Juarez in the civil war, and in the war with the French, which led to the execution of Maximilian. Alvarez died Aug. 21, 1867.

ALVINCZY, JOSEPH, BARON VON BARBEREK, an Austrian general, born at Alvincz, in Transylvania, Feb. 1, 1735. He served in the Seven Years' War, attaining the rank of colonel, and rose to the rank of lieutenant field-marshal in 1789; in the same year he unsuccessfully attempted to reduce Belgrade. In 1796, he was appointed to the command in Italy, relieving General Wurmser. He entered Italy from the Tyrol, at the head of 50,000 men, and fought an indecisive battle with Napoleon, November 6th, but was defeated by the latter eleven days later at Arcola, and also at Rivoli, January 14th, following. He died at Budapest, Nov. 25, 1810.

ALVORD, BENJAMIN, an American general, born at Rutland, Vermont, Aug. 18, 1813. He graduated at West Point in 1833, and served in Florida and Texas and in the Mexican War, attaining in his service in the latter the rank of brevet major (1847). During the Civil War he became a brigadier-general of volunteers, and was gazetted brigadier-general of the United States army in 1865. He then occupied positions as paymaster, and became paymaster-general in 1876, holding this office until 1880. In the earlier part of his career, having been assistant-professor of mathematics at West Point, he devoted his leisure to the study of this subject, and published several excellent text-books, besides contributing to many journals. He died at Washington, Oct. 17, 1884. ALVORD, HENRY ELIJAH, an American agricultural educator, born in Greenfield, Massachusetts, March 11, 1844. He entered the army as a volunteer in 1862, and passed through the successive grades to that of major in the second Massachusetts cavalry. After the war he was appointed captain of cavalry in the regular army, which position he held for several years. In 1886 he became professor of agriculture at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, where he became famous in agricultural

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circles on account of his success in developing and disseminating advanced knowledge in dairying. He contributed the American sections to Professor Sheldon's Dairy Farming, an exhaustive British work, published in 1881.

ALVORD, THOMAS GOLD, an American politician, born in Onondaga, New York, Dec. 20, 1810. He graduated at Yale in 1828, was admitted to the bar, and in 1844 was elected to the state legislature, where he remained ten consecutive terms. He was speaker of the house in 1858, and again in 1864; and lieutenant-governor in 1865-66. In 1867 he was a member of the New York constitutional committee. ALYATTES, a king of Lydia. See LYDIA, Vol. XV, p. 100; ARCHITECTURE, Vol. II, p. 401; PERSIA, Vol. XVIII, p. 563.

ALZATE Y RAMIREZ, JOSÉ ANTONIO, Mexican naturalist, born in Ozumba in 1729. He attained high reputation as a zoölogist and botanist, and became a corresponding member of the French and Spanish academies of science. He was one of the earliest and most careful meteorologists in Mexico, and also paved the way for the modern study of Mexican archæology. He published the Gaceta de Literatura, and also an essay entitled, La limite des niéges perpetuelles en Volcan Popocatepetl. He died in the City of Mexico, Feb. 2, 1790.

ALZEI OR ALZEY, an old Roman walled town in the grand duchy of Hesse, on the Selzbach, 19 miles S. W. of Mentz. It was sacked by the Spaniards in 1620, and by the French in 1688. It is noted more particularly as the center of the region in which the scenes of the Nibelungen Lied are laid. It has a trade in leather and tobacco. Population, 5,922.

ALZOG, JOHANN BAPTIST, a German Roman Catholic church historian, was born in Ohlau, in Silesia, June 29, 1808. He was ordained priest in 1834, and the next year received an appointment to the professorship of church history and exegesis in the theological seminary at Posen, in Prussia. He was made capitular of the cathedral and professor and director of the seminary at Hildesheim, in Hanover, in 1845, and in 1853 he became professor in the University of Freiburg, in Baden. His most important work is his Universalgeschichte der Christlichen Kirche (1840), which has reached its tenth edition, and was translated into most of the European languages. The American edition differs considerably from the original work. His Grundriss der Kirchengeschichte (1868) was a briefer treatise on the same subject. In 1869 he was a member of the commission on dogma which prepared the work for the Vatican. He was the solitary member of the commission who opposed the promulgation of the dogma of papal infallibility. He died at Freiburg, Feb. 28, 1878.

AMADEUS, DUKE OF AOSTA, son of Victor Emmanuel II, of Italy, born May 30, 1845. In 1870 he was invited to accept the crown of Spain, and accepted the offer, which had been tendered by the Cortes during the interregnum following the expulsion of Isabella II. His brief reign was marked by numerous insurrections and attempts to assassinate him, and on Feb. 11, 1873, he abdicated and returned to Italy. He died Jan. 17, 1890.

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AMADOR DE LOS RIOS, José, a Spanish historian, born at Baena, in Andalusia, May 1, 1818. Settling in Madrid, he became professor of literature in the university of that place, devoting his study to historical as well as literary subjects. In this research he found a rich mine in Spain, where the monuments and relics of the Latins, Goths and Saracens are a constant source of interest. His chief work, which he intended to be his greatest monument, was his Historia Critica de la Literatura Española. Seven volumes of this work were completed before the death of the author, but the task was too much for one man to accomplish, and he left a great deal of material behind. The incomplete work is often inaccurate; it is, however, indispensable to students of Spanish literature. Amador died at Seville, Feb. 17, 1878.

AMALARIC, the last king of the West Goths in Spain, born 501 A.D. He was the son of Alaric II, whom he succeeded in 507. He married Clotilda, daughter of Clovis, king of the Franks, in 527, and intended to make her adopt the Arian form of religion, which she refused to do. He treated her with such excessive brutality in consequence that she appealed to her brother, Childebert, king of Paris, to come to her relief. He responded, and in 531 Amalaric was defeated at the battle of Catalonia, and took refuge in a church, where he was slain, his wife returning to France with her brother.

AMALASONTHA, a queen of the East Goths. See AMALASONTHA, Vol. I, p. 651; GOTHS, Vol. X, p. 851; THEODORIC, Vol. XXIII, p. 256.

courage marriage in older couples who may have reached the highest grades. The people of the community established a reputation for their woolen stuffs, on account of their excellent quality.

AMANITA, a genus of fleshy fungi, closely allied to the common mushroom (Agaricus). They are mostly poisonous, and yield a poisonous principle known as amanitin.

AMAPALA, a Pacific seaport of Honduras, on the Tigre Island, which is situated in the bay of Fonesca, or Conchgua. Amapala is 800 miles from Panama by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company's route. The port is picturesquely situated and has a healthful climate. The harbor is well adapted for foreign commerce. Among the chief exports are indigo, fine woods and tobacco. Population, 1,000. See HONDURAS, Vol. XII, p. 130.

AMAR, JEAN PIERRE A., a Jacobin, born at Grenoble, France, in 1750. In 1792 he was elected to the national convention, in which he voted for the execution of Louis XVI. During the Reign of Terror Amar became notorious for his bloodthirstiness, and as chairman of the committee of sûreté générale he was responsible for the report which condemned so many Girondists and others to death. He also aided in the ruin of Robespierre himself. He died in Paris in 1816, a year after the restoration of the Bourbons.

AMARANTE, an interior town in the province of Minho, in northern Portugal, on the Tamego, a tributary of the Douro. The town is well built, but has fallen into decay. A church, erected in the sixteenth century, is an interesting specimen of the French Gothic style. Amarante was the scene of a fierce conflict between the French and the Portuguese during the Peninsular War in 1809. Population, 1,448.

AMAMA, SIXTINUS, a Dutch orientalist, born at Franeker, in Friesland, in 1593. He was a Protestant, and made a study of the oriental languages for the purpose of undertaking a critical examination of the Bible. In 1613 he went to England and taught Hebrew at Exeter College, Oxford, for several years. Returning home, he was appointed to the chair of Hebrew in the university of his native city, which he held until his death in 1628. His chief work was a criticism of the Vulgate.

AMANA COMMUNITY, an American German society which originated about the beginning of the 18th century, and whose chief rule is that no man should marry before he is 24 years of age. The sect is divided into three orders, according to their piety. The first grade includes all newly married people, irrespective of the grade to which they formerly may have belonged. The rules tend to dis

AMARGOZA DESERT, a remarkable portion of the Great Basin of the West, which lies between the Wahsatch Mountains in Utah and the Sierra Nevadas in California. The Amargoza Desert comprises that portion of the region defined located in the southeastern portions of the counties of Nye in Nevada and Inyo in California, west of the Belted Range and the Bare Mountains, and east of the Panamint Range. The region within these limits includes the arms of the Amargoza Desert, to the north in Nye County, among the scattered ranges of mountains often comprehended under the same name, the Amargoza River, whose branches have their sources in the mountains. The main stream empties itself into the Amargoza" sink," at the bottom of Death Valley, in Inyo County. The channel of the river is usually dry, but at times it is a swollen torrent. Its waters then become impregnated with the salt of the desert it overflows in its rapid

etc.

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It

AMARI, MICHELE, an Italian historian and orientalist, was born at Palermo, July 7, 1806. He devoted himself to Sicilian history, and became famous for his investigation into the history of the Sicilian Vespers, or massacre, a masterpiece of historical criticism, which reached a ninth edition, and was translated into English by Lord Ellesmere. was quickly prohibited, and was, consequently, widely read. The author fled to France, but the revolution of 1848 recalled him to Sicily, which had declared her independence, where he was made vice-president of the committee of war, and sent on a diplomatic mission to France and England. The restoration in 1849 made him once more an exile, but he was recalled in 1859 to fill the chair of Arabic, to the study of which he had applied himself for the purpose of writing his history of Sicily under Mussulman rule, first at Pisa and afterward at Florence. After the accession, in 1860, by the aid of Garibaldi, of Sicily to the kingdom of Italy, Amari was made a senator. He presided over the congress of orientalists at Florence in 1878. His most important works are his Guerra del Vespro Siciliano (1842); Storia dei Musulmanni di Sicilia (1853-73); Bibliotheca Arabo-Sicilia (1857); Nuovi Ricordi Arabicchi sulla Storia di Genova (1873), and Le Epigrafi Arabiche di Sicilia (1875). He translated into Italian Scott's Marmion, and the Solwan of Ibn Djafer from the Arabic. He died in Rome, July 16, 1889. AMARILLO, capital of Potter County, northwestern Texas, situated in the southeastern portion of the county, on the Fort Worth and Denver railroad, 336 miles N.W. from Fort Worth. Population 1890, 482.

AMARNA, OR TEL-EL-AMARNA, an ancient city, which has been long in ruins, on the right bank of the Nile, in Middle Egypt. It was built by Amenhotep IV, who was of the eighteenth dynasty, in the sixteenth century B.C., as a seat of sun-worship. Here in 1887, some hundreds of clay tablets, bearing cuneiform inscriptions, were discovered. The language used on the tablets was Assyrian, and it is supposed that the inscriptions were made in Phoenicia and other places, proving the international use of the language in communication.

AMARYLLIDACEÆ,a family of monocotyledons, including many species, distinguished by the beauty of their flowers. There are about 650 known species, natives of tropical or subtropical, and more sparingly of temperate, regions, but particularly abundant at the Cape of Good Hope. They are herbaceous and mostly bulbous, resembling the Liliacea, but can be readily distinguished by their inferior ovary. The family includes many plants common in cultivation, as amaryllis, narcissus (in

AMARYLLIS, a genus of bulbous herbs of the family Amaryllidacea, containing a single species (A. Belladonna of South Africa), though the popular name amaryllis is applied to many species of other genera. The "belladonna lily," as the single, true amaryllis is called, has large bright-colored flowers (resembling lilies) upon a stout scape. See HORTICULTURE, Vol. XII, p. 265.

AMATONGALAND, same as TONGALAND; q.v., under AFRICA, in these Supplements.

AMATHUS OR AMATHUSIA, a Phoenician city in the southern part of Cyprus. Here the Greeks dedicated a temple to Aphrodite (Venus), who was hence sometimes called Amathusia. As in most parts of Cyprus, there were copper-mines in the vicinity of Amathus, which made it an object for a Phoenician colony to locate here. There are no remains of the ancient city, but its site is supposed to have been near the present Limasol.

AMATRICE, a town of southern central Italy, in the province of Aquila, among the Apennines, on the right bank of the Tronto, 21 miles N.W by W. of Aquila. It was formerly a place of considerable importance. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in agriculture and the manufacture of blankets. Population, 6,603.

AMAURY I OR AMALRIC, fourth king of Jerusalem, during the possession of the Holy City by the Crusaders. The first king was Godfrey of Bouillon, sixth Duke Godfrey of Brabant, (1099). Amaury was count of Joppa, and succeeded his brother, Baldwin III, in 1162. He invaded Egypt in 1168, was defeated by Saladin the Saracen, who continued the war by invading Palestine. Amaury died July 11, 1173.

AMAZIAH, eighth king of Judah. Born about 837 B.C., he succeeded to the throne at the age of 25 years, on the murder of his father, Joash. He was ambitious to restore his kingdom to its former greatness, and made war against the Edomites, whom he defeated, and whose capital, Sela or Petra, he took. Not contented with this success, he went against Joash, king of Israel, but he met with defeat and was taken prisoner. He retired to Lachish, where he was murdered 809 B.C.

AMAZONAS. See ALTO AMAZONAS, in these Supplements.

AMAZONAS, a department in northern Peru. It is bounded on the north by Ecuador, on the east by Loreto, on the south by Libertad and on the west by Cajamarca, these three last being departments of Peru. Amazonas is drained by the Ucayale, a great navigable river. It contains two provinces, Chachapoyas and Magnas. The surface is largely covered with forests; the area of the department is 14,129 square miles, and the population 34,245. Chachapoyas is the capital, with a population of about 6,000.

AMBALEMA, a town in the state of Tolima, in east-central Colombia, situated on the Magdalena River, 60 miles N.W. of Bogotá, the capital of the republic. It is a place of considerable commerce, chiefly in tobacco. Population, 9,731.

AMBASSADOR. Notwithstanding the impor

tant position long occupied by the United States as one of the great powers of the world, it had been until 1893, and as stated under AMBASSADOR, Vol. I, p. 657 (q.v.), the traditional policy of the greatest of the American republics to allow its accredited representatives at foreign courts no higher rank than that of ministers. As a result, the United States occupied a position of inadequate dignity among nations which attach much importance to external symbols. Also, as international etiquette required a representative sent to Washington to be of the same rank as the one received from the United States, the persons accredited to the legations at Washington suffered a deprivation of dignity which at any of the lesser European courts they would have possessed. The long delay on the part of the United States is explicable by a persistent democratic notion that associated ambassadorial rank with monarchy. But this was an error, as the Venetian republic ages ago received and sent out ambassadors; nor did the abolition of monarchical rule by the French make any change in the rank of its diplomatic representatives. The change came in the Diplomatic and Consular Appropriation Bill of 1893, which empowered the President to raise to the rank of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary the American minister accredited to any state which should previously confer a similar promotion upon its minister at Washington. In accordance with this provision, the governments of Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany speedily raised their representatives at Washington to ambassadorial rank, similar promotions being at once bestowed on the American ministers at the courts of St. James', Paris, Rome and Berlin.

AMBER OR AMBHUR, a decayed city, formerly of importance as the capital of the state of Jeypore, Rajputana, India, 40 miles N.E. of the city of Jeypore. Its temples and dwellings were distributed along the streets, which followed the ravines opening upon the contiguous lake. On one of the hills exist the ruins of a magnificent palace. The place is now entirely deserted, except for the few Hindu ascetics who frequent its tombs and ruins. Near its site is the modern Sambhur, a station on the Rajputana state railroad, which has a trade in salt from the lake in its vicinity.

AMBER-FISH, a fish of the genus Seriola, allied to the mackerel, found in all warm seas. Six species are known in the waters of the United States. The individual fishes vary in length from one to five feet. AMBERG, a town in east-central Bavaria, formerly the capital of the Upper Palatinate. It is situated on the banks of the Vils, a tributary of the Naab, which flows into the Danube, 35 miles E. of Nuremberg. Its church of St. Martin's, built in 1421, has a steeple 321 feet high. The town has many important buildings and institutions; its manufactures consist chiefly of firearms, ironmongery, earthenware, woolen goods and beer. It is also the center of an important live-stock, hop and salt trade. Mining occupies the people in the vicinity. Its ancient walls have been converted into shady boulevards and gardens. Population, 19,141.

AMBIORIX, a chief of the tribe of Eburones,

who inhabited ancient Gaul. He attacked the Roman troops under Sabinus and Cotta and annihilated them, 54 B.C. He was successfully resisted by Quintus Cicero (brother of the orator), and upon the arrival of Cæsar, retreated, and evaded capture by the latter, who was anxious to secure his person.

AMBITUS, literally "a going around," was a term applied by the Romans to the soliciting of votes by candidates for office. The practice seems to have been similar to what we now know as canvassing.

AMBLER, a borough in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, 17 miles N. of Philadelphia, on the Bethlehem branch of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad. Population, 1,073.

AMBLYOPSIS, a genus of fishes, of which the blind-fish in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky is a typical representative. Their eyes are often mentioned as examples of the effect of disuse upon organs. They are present, but are covered by skin. AMBLYSTOMA, an extensive genus of tailed amphibians (Urodela). They are notable for the remarkable life-histories of some members of the group. A formerly recognized genus, Siredon, or Axolotl, is now known to be the larval stage of species of Amblystoma. In its native home, Mexico, the axolotl reproduces in the larval condition, and never becomes a fully developed Amblystoma unless taken to a different climate. See SIREDON, Vol. XXII, p. 96.

AMBO, a desk or pulpit common in early Christian churches. It was placed in the choir, and from it the gospels and epistles were read, and sometimes sermons preached. It is still used in Eastern churches, and examples of it may even yet be found in Rome. It has one ascent from the east and one from the west, by steps. Roman churches had two ambos, one on each side of the choir, the gospels being read from one and the epistles from the other.

His

AMBOISE, GEORGE D', cardinal, and prime minister to Louis XII of France, was born at Chaumont in 1460. In his fourteenth year he became bishop of Montauban, and in 1493 archbishop of Rouen. Five years later he was made prime minister, and in the same year was made cardinal. ambition was to succeed Pope Alexander VI. For this purpose he instigated a schism in the church, continued his intrigues for some years, but he was unsuccessful, and his hopes finally vanished upon the reverses sustained by the French troops in Italy. He was popular in France on account of his remitting many of the imposts levied upon the people by former rulers. He accumulated a vast fortune of 11,000,000 livres, and died May 25, 1510.

AMBOY, a town in Lee County, northwestern Illinois. It is situated at the junction of the Illinois Central and Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroads, near the Green River. It is 95 miles W. of Chicago. At Amboy are railroad-shops of the Illinois Central railway. Population 1890, 2,257.

AMBRIZ, the northern division of the Portuguese territory of Angola, West Africa, extending from the Congo to the River Ambriz, or Loge. The town of Ambriz is situated at the mouth of the river of that name.

AMBROS, AUGUST WILHELM, a Bohemian pianist,