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West Point in 1851, and served in several battles | C. 338. Amphissa is noted for its acropolis, which of the Civil War. He became major of volunteers contains the remains of an ancient citadel. in September 1864, and brevet brigadier-general on the 1st of October of the same year, but died seven days later, of yellow fever, in Newbern, North Carolina.

AMOTION, in law, is removal from office, as of an officer of a corporation, and is distinguished from disfranchisement, which is the removal of a member.

AMPELIDÆ, a family name variously applied to oscine passerine birds. The family was classed by Swainson in 1831 as without distinctive characters. It has been restricted of late by American authorities to the Ampelidæ proper and placed between Tyrannida and Cotingida. They are commonly known as chatterers.

AMPELOPSIS, a genus of the Vitacea, closely resembling the grape-vine. See VINE, Vol. XXIV, p. 237.

AMPERE, an electrical term adopted by the electrical congress held at Paris in 1881, to designate the practical unit of current-force. It is a current such as would be given with an electro-motive force of one volt through a wire having the resistance of one ohm. The unit received its name from André Marie Ampère, the French physicist. See TELEGRAPH, Vol. XXIII, p. 116.

AMPEREMETER. See AMMETER, in these

Supplements.

AMPERETURN, an electrical term, applied to an ampere current through one turn of a coil, considered in regard to electro-magnetic force. An electro-magnet with 1,000 convolutions, and with a 5-ampere current, would have 5,000 ampere-turns.

AMPHIBOLE, in mineralogy, the name of a group of minerals, varying in color and composition, of which hornblende, tremolite and actinolite may be mentioned as examples. They may be described chemically as calcium magnesium metasilicates, with sometimes potassium, sodium or aluminium. Dana classifies them according to the existence or non-existence of the latter substances. They all resemble each other in form, but differ in their manner of crystallization. See MINERALOGY, Vol. XVI, p. 417.

AMPHICTYON, a mythical king of Attica. See AMPHICTYONY, Vol. I, p. 772; also GREECE, Vol. XI, p. 92.

AMPHICTYONIC COUNCIL. See AMPHICTYONY, Vol. I, p. 772.

AMPHIMORPHÆ, a term equivalent to Odontoglossa, and applied by Huxley to a super-family of birds which contains only the flamingos Phanicopterida. See FLAMINGO, Vol. IX, p. 286.

AMPHIPODS, an order of small crustaceans, most of which are marine. The genus Gammarus lives in fresh water. The beach-flea (Orchestia) is a very common form. See CRUSTACEA, Vol. VI, p. 661.

AMPHISSA, a Grecian town near Salona Bay, Gulf of Corinth. It is situated at the base of Mount Parnassus, 87 miles W.N.W of Athens. The Amphictyons, having declared a sacred war against it, it was destroyed by Philip, king of Macedonia, B.

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AMPHITHERIUM, a genus of extinct insectivorous mammals found in the Lower Oölite, and resembling in many points the living Myrmecobius. Their exact affinities are uncertain.

AMPHITRYON, in Greek mythology, a king of Tiryns, son of Alcæus. He was the husband of Alcmene, and putative father of Hercules. The story connected with the origin of the latter has been treated by Plautus in his Amphitruo, and in modern times by Molière in his Amphitryon.

AMPHIUMA, a North American tailed amphibian, which loses the external gills of its youth. It belongs to the caducibranchiate group of the order Urodela. The form is eel-like and about two feet in length; the eyes are covered with skin, and there are numerous teeth. A. means is found in the Southern and Southwestern states burrowing in the mud in the ditches of the rice fields. The negroes call it the Congo snake. See AMPHIBIA, Vol. I, pp. 758 et seq.

AMPUDIA, PEDRO DE, Mexican soldier, was appointed general by President Santa Anna in 1840; in December, 1842, he commanded the land forces in the siege of Campeche, Yucatan. Soon afterward Ampudia was dismissed from command for practicing military barbarities. Later he was in command of Monterey, where, Sep. 24, 1846, he surrendered to General Taylor, of the United States forces.

AMPULLARIA, a genus of mollusks of the gasteropod class. Most of the species live partly in fresh water, and partly on land. In adaptation to this mode of life, the vascular mantle functionates as lungs when the animals are on land, and thus takes the place of the ordinary process of respiration by gills.

AMPUTATION, a surgical operation. See SURGERY, Vol. XXII, pp. 678, 679, 688.

AMRITA, literally, "without death," denotes in Hindu mythology the drink of immortality, the product of the mysterious churning of the ocean.

AMROHA, a town in the district of Muradabad, in the northwest provinces of India, 20 miles N.N.W. of the city of Muradabad, in the midst of an extensive cotton and sugar district. Population, 36,145, mainly Moslems.

AMSTERDAM, a city of Montgomery County, east-central New York, is situated on the north bank of the Mohawk, 33 miles N. W. of Albany. Its local trade in general merchandise is extensive. There are large manufactories of knit goods and carpets, and numerous other industries, including the making of paper, brooms and steel springs. Amsterdam is the seat of a Roman Catholic institute, an academy, and excellent public and private schools. Population, 17,336.

AMSTERDAM CANAL. See CANAL, in these Supplements.

AMSTERDAM TREATY, a treaty concluded Aug. 4, 1717, between Russia, Prussia and France on the one hand, and Sweden on the other. Frederick William I of Prussia had involved himself in the war between Sweden and Russia, and attacked Sweden.

AMU DARIA ANABOLISM

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AMUNATEGUI, MIGUEL LUIS, a Chilean historian, born at Santiago, Jan. 11, 1828, at the university of which place he was educated. He became noted as a scholar, and aided Andres Bello in the latter's History of Greece and Rome. In most of his own works he had the collaboration of his brother, Gregorio Victor. The important works to his credit are Memoria Sobre la Reconquista Española (1850); Biografias de Americanos (1854); Compendio de la Historia Politica y Eclesiastica de Chile (1856); Descubrimiento y Conquista de Chile (1862); and Los Precursores de la Independencia de Chile (1872-73).

He died in 1888.

AMURNATH, a cave in the northeastern mountains of Cashmere. It is a natural cave, occurring in the gypsum rock, and thus at an early period supernatural attributes were ascribed to it. It is believed to be the residence of the god Shiva, and is visited by multitudes of pilgrims. Numberless doves inhabit it, and upon being disturbed by the pilgrims, fly out, making a loud noise, which the superstitious visitors regard as a sign of the acceptance of their prayers by the god.

AMUSSAT, JEAN ZULÉMA, a French surgeon, born at St. Maixent, in Deux-Sèvres, Nov. 21, 1796. Entering the army he became assistant surgeon under Esquirol in La Salpêtrière Hospital, and also prosector at the Paris Faculty of Medicine. He was an inventor and improver of many surgical instruments, and was the first to prove the use of torsion of arteries in hemorrhages, upon which subject he published a work in 1829, obtaining for it a prize at the Institute. He was also an authority on lithotomy, and wrote a treatise entitled Researches Into the Nervous System (1825). He died in Paris, May 13, 1856.

AMYCLÆ, an ancient town of Laconia, on the eastern bank of the Eurotas, in Greece. It was the home of Castor and Pollux, the "Amyclean brothers." The place was finally destroyed by the Lacedæmonians under Teleclus. The story ran that the inhabitants had been so long alarmed by false reports of the approach of the Spartans that it was forbidden for any one to speak of the enemy again. When the Lacedæmonians did appear no one dared to mention the fact. Hence it was said that "Amycle was lost by silence," which saying passed into a proverbial phrase.

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rock, the term amygdaloid no longer denotes a rock species, and has fallen into disuse. It is now only employed in the adjective form, amygdaloidal, indicating a cellular or slag-like structure, in which the pores and cells are more or less filled up with nodules of mineral matter, sometimes agate, chalcedony, etc.

AMYGDALUS, an old generic name, which included the peach and almond, but now usually referred as a subgenus to the genus Prunus.

AMYL is a hypothetical monatomic alcohol radical, obtained by heating amyliodide with an amal gam of zinc in a closed tube at a temperature of about 350° F., and is one of the natural products of the distillation of coal. Obtained thus, it is represented by two molecules of the radical in union(CH) 2, and is called diamyl. The single molecule CH" has not yet been isolated. It enters into a large number of chemical compounds. It exists largely in amylic alcohol or fusel-oil (crude alcohol).

AMYLENE, a limpid liquid produced by the dehydration of amylic alcohol by means of zinc chlorid; is sometimes used as anæsthetic, but is extremely dangerous.

AMYLOID, a term used in chemistry and in botany for starchy substances, like starch, dextrine, sugar, gum, etc., which consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the latter two being always in the proportion in which they occur in water.

AMYOT, JOSEPH, a French orientalist, was born at Toulon in 1718, and lived as a Jesuit missionary in China from 1750 till his death, which occurred at Pekin in 1794. His knowledge of the Chinese and Tatar languages enabled him to acquire his knowledge of the antiquities, history, language and arts of China from the most authentic sources. His principal writings may be found in the Mémoires concernant l'Histoire les Sciences et les Arts des Chinois (16 vols. Paris, 1776-1814). In 1789-90 appeared his Dictionaire Tatar-Mantchou Français, in three volumes, and was edited by Langlès.

AMYRIS, a tropical dicotyledonous genus of the family Burseracea, notable for its abundant yield of fragrant resinous products. It gives name to a crystalline resin known as amyrin..

ANABANTIDÆ, a family of teleostean fishes belonging to the largest order Acanthopterygii. The perch, bass, mackerel and swordfish are representative examples.

ANABLEPS, a genus of cyprinodont fishes found principally in tropical American waters. They are interesting on account of the unique structure of their eyes. A dark horizontal stripe divides the AMYGDALIN is a crystalline principle exist-cornea, and two pupils are present in each orbit, so ing in the kernel of bitter almonds, the leaves of that the fish appears to have four eyes. the Prunus laurocerasus, and various other plants, which by distillation yields hydrocyanic acid. See ALMONDS, OILS OF, in these Supplements.

AMYGDALOID, “almond-shaped," in geology applied to an igneous, crystalline or vitreous rock containing numerous almond-shaped vacuities, or cells, which were formed by steam or gas while the rock was in a molten state. As cells and cellular structure occur in many different kinds of igneous

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ANABOLISM, in physiological botany, denotes all those chemical processes going on in a plant which lead to the formation of complex substances from more simple ones. The whole range of chemical processes is included under the term metabolism. Anabolism is therefore often called constructive metabolism," as opposed to catabolism, or "destructive metabolism." Assimilation refers only to those anabolic changes in the plant which concern its

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ANACANTHINI, a group with uncertain limits, which includes a great number of teleostean fishes. It contains many fishes of great economic importance, such as the cod, hake, halibut, flounder, sole, and many others.

ANACHARIS, a monocotyledonous genus of the family Hydrocharidacea. It is a native of North America, growing in ponds and slow streams. It has been introduced into Britain, where it is now very abundant and troublesome in some of the rivers,—in fact, much more so than it ever becomes in America. The generic name now used is Elodea. ANACLACHE, a lofty peak of the Bolivian Andes, is more than twenty-two thousand feet above the ocean-level, and is covered with perpetual snow. ANACLETUS, an anti-pope. See INNOCENT II, Vol. XIII, p. 82.

ANAHEIM, a village in Orange County, southern California. It is located on the Southern Pacific railroad, about eight miles N.W. of Santa Anna, in the center of the largest valley in the state, and is the headquarters of the wine interest of that region, producing annually more than one million gallons. Since the establishment of the sugar refinery at Chino, the culture of the sugar-beet has become an important industry in the vicinity of Anaheim. Population, 1,273.

ANAKIM, a race of giants who inhabited the south of Palestine, especially about Hebron, called at that time Kirjatharba. They were also called "Sons of Anak," though by the name Anak we should properly understand a race instead of an individual. After the time of Joshua they disappear from history.

ANALCITE OR ANALCIME, a mineral, chemically a hydrated silicate of alumina and soda found in the trap-rocks of Nova Scotia, Lake Superior, Ireland and Scotland. It occurs in the vacuities of the amygdaloids found in the situations named. It receives its name on account of its feeble electric power when subjected to heat or friction.

ANALEMMA, in geometry, denotes a projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, made orthographically by a straight line and ellipses, the eye being supposed to be at an infinite distance and in the east or west point of the horizon. Hence it

ANACONDA MINE. See SILVER AND SILVER-❘ denotes an instrument in use before the invention MINING, in these Supplements. of trigonometry for drawing such a projection with an horizon or cursor fitted to it. The instrument was formerly used in the solution of astronomical problems.

ANACORTES, a town in Fidalgo Island, off Skagit County, in northern Washington. It is situated at the terminus of the Seattle and Northern railroad, 95 miles N. of Seattle. It is a fishingcenter and ships coal and iron. Population, 1,131. ANÆMIA. See PATHOLOGY, Vol. XVIII, p. 377. ANAËROBIA is a name applied to those bacteria which have become so adapted to a life based upon fermentative changes that they can exist without coming in contact with free oxygen, and for some of them the access of free oxygen is destructive. See BACTERIOLOGY, in these Supplements.

ANÆSTHESIA. Local anesthesia, artificially produced, is of great value in minor operations, and in painful affections of limited areas of the body. Local anesthesia is often produced by freezing the part with ether spray. Of medicinal agents, the best is cocaine, prepared from the coca shrub of Peru (Erythroxylon Coca). In the form of a five to ten per cent watery solution, this drug is introduced into the tissues, by a hypodermic needle, and produces complete anesthesia of the part thus treated in from three to fifteen minutes. Thymol, menthol, aconite, belladonna, chloroform, phenol, chloral, and Indian hemp have also a local anesthetic action, if rubbed on the skin or applied to abraded surfaces. Guaiacol has been announced by Dr. Pize of Montélimar, France, as a new anæsthetic. By injecting this substance under the skin in small doses he found that he could perform operations without pain to the patient. A committee appointed by the local academy of medicine examined its application in this manner and reported favorably upon its use. See ANESTHESIA, Vol. I, p. 789.

ANAL GLANDS, a term applied to a number of glands, in various animals, which lie near the anus. Strictly applied, the term is limited to the glands of carnivore and rodents. The secretions usually have a strong and repulsive odor, and are employed for defense. The secretions from the anal glands of the civet and other animals are prepared and used as perfumes.

ANALOGUE, a technical term in biology for an organ in one species or group of animals or plants having the same function as an organ of different structure or origin in another species. It refers to physiological, independent of morphological, resemblance; an organ showing the latter being called a homologue.

ANALYSIS, VOLUMETRIC. See VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS, in these Supplements.

ANAMORPHOSIS, in perspective, is a distorted picture, which appears in its proper form only when viewed from a particular point, or through a polyhedron, or reflected by a curved mirror. In natural history the term is used for that gradual change of form which can be traced in a group of plants or animals, the members of which have succeeded each other in point of time, from the earlier development to the later. Called also Anamorphism.

ANAMOSA, capital of Jones County, central eastern Iowa, on the Buffalo and Wapsipinicon rivers. It is on the Chicago and North-Western and Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroads, 50 miles S. W. of Dubuque. It contains a state penitentiary, and is

ANANIEV-ANASTATICA

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noted for its quarries of excellent building-stone. | emperor, and, in consequence, the passage of strinPopulation, 2,006.

ANANIEV, a town on the Black Sea, province of Kherson, on the Tiligool, southern Russia. It is 95 miles by rail N. of Odessa. Population, 16,449. ANAPA, a naval station and port town for small vessels on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, in Russian Caucasia. It is an important tactical point. Its fort was built upon a projecting crag by the Turks in 1784, and taken by the Russians in 1791. It has a brisk trade with Trebizond. Population, 10,614.

ANAPESTIC METER, in prosody this consists of a foot of three measures, the first two short or unaccented, the third long or accented. It is the opposite of dactylic meter.

ANAPHORA, in rhetoric, is that figure of speech which consists in repeating the same word at the beginning of two or more successive clauses or sentences, as in 1 Cor. i, 20. In liturgics, the more solemn part of the eucharistic service which begins with the Sursum Corda.

ANARCHISM has quite a distinct meaning from anarchy in the usual acceptation of the word. Anarchism is the name adopted by a phase of revolutionary socialism,-an exaggerated idea of individual freedom, which considers government of man by man to be oppression. Anarchism has two aspects: it has a political theory, the negative of government or of external authority; and it has an economic theory as to land and capital, which is common to it with other forms of socialism. The acknowledged father of anarchism, as a form of recent and contemporary socialism, is Proudhon (1809-65), who declared that "the true form of the state is anarchy," by which he meant, not disorder, but the absence of government. Modern anarchism has adopted principles and means, never contemplated by its former advocates. In Germany, though still a political force, those anarchistically inclined now abstain from the more extreme methods that have been used in Russia, France and elsewhere. But such wholesome condition has been achieved only by the exercise of severe repressive measures. German "scientific" socialism became the doctrine taught to recruits to socialism in all countries. It originated with Johann Karl Rodbertus, who, becoming prominent about the middle of the present century, was for a short period minister of education and public worship in Prussia. He was more of a theoretical writer than most socialists, but his ideas had widespread influence. He died in 1875, in his 70th year, and was followed by Karl Marx, of Hebrew extraction, who was a deep student. He produced a book, Capital, which has been called the "Socialists' Bible." In 1864 was formed, in London, the International Workingmen's Society, with Marx at its head. But the anarchistic element was constantly antagonizing Marx, who had to expel M. Bakunin in 1872, his bitterest opponent. The latter formed a new international society, its principles being based upon pure anarchism, backed up by the doctrine of "force." The new "red society" grew in strength at the expense of the older. In 1878 commenced the attempts upon the life of the German

gently repressive measures directed against the social democrats. These measures had the result of driving most of the least reconcilable to America, some of them finding their way to Chicago. Anarchism in America made its pubic appearance at the congress of the International Workingmen's Association at Pittsburg, in October, 1883. The anarchist con tingent from Chicago had an opportunity of advocating the putting into practice Karl Marx's theory of the use of force; which force was dynamite. This seemed to meet the approval of the congress. August Spies was the English secretary of the association, and he and his associates went home to Chicago to formulate plans for the spread of the new gospel, the terrible climax to which was reached on the night of May 4, 1886, when the Haymarket riot occurred in Chicago. Anarchy in America is an exotic growth, and its few advocates are men and women of foreign names or foreign birth. See Anarchism, Socialistic, under SOCIALISM, Vol. XXII, pp. 216, 217.

ANARRHICHAS, a genus of blennioid fishes, typical of the Anarrhichadida family. A. lupus, the common wolf-fish, is the most familiar example. Their mandibular, palatine, and vomerine bones are armed with prominent tubercles capped with enameled teeth.

ANAS, a genus of birds of the subfamily Anatinæ. Many of the ducks, geese and swans were formerly classed together in this group, but the name is now restricted to the mallard duck and closely allied species.

ANASARCA. See DROPSY, Vol. VII, p. 472. ANASSA SATIVA. See PINE-APPLE, Vol. XIX, p. 106; also HORTICULTURE, Vol. XII, p. 274.

ANASTASIUS, the name of four popes. Anastasius I was the most eminent, and held office for only three years (398-402). He enforced celibacy on the higher clergy. Anastasius II (496-498) succeeded Gelasius I. Anastasius III (911–913) succeeded Sergius III. Anastasius IV (1153-1154) succeeded Eugenius III. During his pontificate Arnold of Brescia preached in favor of the abolition of the papal office.

ANASTASIUS, surnamed BIBLIOTHECARIUS ("the Librarian"), was a Roman priest, famous for his Greek scholarship. He became librarian of the Vatican, hence his surname, and translated from the Greek, into Latin, a work entitled Historia Ecclesiastica, composed chiefly of extracts from Nicephorus and Syncellus. He died 886 A.D. ANASTASIUS GRÜN.

See GERMANY, Vol. X, p. 546; Grün, Vol. XI, p. 224.

ANASTATICA, a genus of plants of the family Cruciferæ, or "mustards," natives of the deserts of Arabia, Syria, and North Africa. A. Hierochuntina is the rose of Jericho, one of the "resurrection plants,' so named because, after flowering, its leafless branches bend together upwards, forming an apparently lifeless ball, which coming in contact with water absorbs it greedily and rapidly expands. In the dry, rolledup condition, the plants are blown along the sands, like tumble-weeds, scattering their seeds, and upon coming to a damp spot, unroll, rapidly put out

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leaves and develop flowers and fruit. The plants are abundant in the Dead Sea region, and have been frequently noted by travelers.

ANASTOMOSIS. See ANATOMY, Vol. I, p. 902. ANATHOTH was a Levitical city of refuge, situated about four miles from Jerusalem. It is supposed to have been the native place of Jeremiah. There are remains of the ancient city's walls and foundations to be seen to-day. Quarries in the neighborhood still supply Jerusalem with building material.

ANATIDÆ, a family of birds corresponding to the genera Anas and Mergus, and equivalent to the order Lamellirostres, exclusive of the flamingoes. It includes ducks, geese, swans, and mergansers. There are five subfamilies: Cygnina, the swans; Anserinæ, the geese; Anatine, the river or fresh-water ducks; Fuligulina, the sea-ducks; and Mergina, the mergansers.

ANATINÆ, a large subfamily of Anatide, which, with a general term, are called "ducks." The shape of the bill constitutes the common character. ANBURY. See Club-root, under AGRICULTure, Vol. I, p. 368; and BOTANY, Vol. IV, p. 95. ANCACHS, a department of Peru, lying between the Andes and the Pacific, north of the department of Lima; it is rich in undeveloped silver-mines and in gold. Capital, Huaraz. Population, 284,091. ANCESTORS, WORSHIP OF, a form of religion which arises naturally from the primitive conception of a soul during life animating the body and exercising influence over it, and after death retaining its power, and continuing into the unseen world the life and social relations of the living world. Having become a deity, it goes on protecting its people and receiving service from them. The worship of ancestors is a subdivision of animism, and its universality has led Herbert Spencer to the opinion that it was the origin of religion everywhere. See MYTHOLOGY, Vol. XVII, p. 141; TOTEMISM, Vol. XXIII, pp. 467, et seq.

ANCESTRY OF PLANTS OR PHYLOGENY. One of the most conspicuous results of the recent study of plant morphology is the development of knowledge concerning the origin of modern groups. That they are the modified descendants of earlier forms is no longer doubtful, and the increasing details of embryogeny, as well as the revelations of paleobotany, have enabled botanists to draw many conclusions concerning ancestral forms. As a general statement, it is true that the higher groups have come from the lower, and such low alga-forms as Cyanophycea are regarded as representing the primitive forms from which the plant kingdom has developed. While a succession of species has appeared and disappeared throughout geologic time, the great groups, after their first introduction, have always been represented. When reference is made, therefore, to one group as the ancestor of another, it should be remembered that the group as a whole, is referred to, rather than any specific representatives of it in the flora of to-day. In this large sense the Cyanophycea are regarded as ancestral forms whose origin is too obscure to permit us safely to carry our conclusions as to origin further back. From the Cyanophycea

the Chlorophyceae (ordinary green algae of fresh waters) seem to have descended, and from these in turn the Phaophycea and Rhodophyceae (the ordinary brown and red algae of sea-coasts). This completes the alga assemblage from which the fungi are thought to have been derived by the cultivation of parasitic and saprophytic habits. Among Thallophytes (algæ and fungi) the brown and red seaweeds and the fungi are generally regarded as specialized lines, while the green algae (Chlorophycea) are looked upon as the ancestral forms of Bryophytes, and hence, more remotely, of the groups above. Of the two groups of Bryophytes, the liverworts (Hepatica) are regarded as the more primitive forms,-that is, those which have been derived directly from the Chlorophycea,-while from liverworts, in turn, the mosses (Muscinea) are thought to have been derived and developed as a specialized line. The Pteridophytes (ferns, horsetails, and club-mosses) also seem to have been derived from the liverworts, and although the three existing groups are very much unlike each other in the development of their sporophytes, the similar structure of their gametophytes indicates a closely associated if not common origin among the liverworts. The origin of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (together forming the group Spermaphytes) is a muchdiscussed question. The former are much more closely allied to the Pteridophytes than are the Angiosperms, and by some are regarded as an intermediate group. It is becoming more common, however, to regard them as groups of independent origin; the Gymnosperms having arisen from the lycopods (clubmosses), or possibly the cycad division of them having come from the ferns proper; while the Angiosperms have arisen independently from the heterosporous Pteridophytes, possibly from some such forms as Isoetes. JOHN M. COULTER. ANCHISAURUS, a dinosaurian reptile of the Triassic period.

ANCHITHERIUM, a fossil genus of three-toed mammals of the equine type, which existed in Europe and America from late Eocene to far into Miocene times. By some authors it is supposed to belong in the ancestral line of the horse. Others think that it stands between the tapir-like Palæotherium and one of the ancestors of the horse. See also HORSE, Vol. XII, pp. 173, 174.

ANCHORAGE, a toll levied on the owner or captain of a ship for the privilege of casting anchor on special anchoring-grounds. It is usually payable to the state, but sometimes the right is vested in corporations or individuals. Anchorage also signifies "anchor-ground." See ANCHOR, Vol. II, p. 8.

ANCHOR-ICE OR GROUND-ICE, a kind of ice which forms upon the beds of rivers, or shallow, brackish seas. It forms most readily where the flow of the water is most interrupted and tumultuous. It begins to form when the temperature of the atmosphere falls to within 10° F., and does not adhere strongly to the bottom until zero is reached. When it rises to the surface it frequently brings with it the stones to which it is attached.

ANCHORITE OR ANCHORET. The terms anchorite and hermit are now used as synonymous, but originally there was a distinction made

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