Fort Wayne. It has woolen mills and barrel and stave factories. A state normal school is located here. Population 1890, 1,840.

ANGOLA. Same as Portuguese West Africa. See AFRICA, in these Supplements.

ANGORA GOAT. See GOAT, Vol. X, p. 708. ANGOSTURA BARK OR CUSPARIA BARK, the aromatic bitter bark, chiefly of the Galipea Cusparia, a native of Venezuela and other tropical countries. It derives its name from the town of Angostura, where it is a considerable article of commerce. The Galipea Cusparia is a shrub or small tree belonging to the Rutacea, and flourishing at an elevation of 600 to 1,000 feet above the sea. Angostura bark is a tonic useful in dyspepsia, dysentery, etc. Formerly used as a febrifuge, and still entering into the composition of various "bitters." The dangerous "false Angostura bark" drove it from use for a time.

He

ANGOULÊME, LOUIS ANTOINE DE BOURBON, Duc D', born at Versailles, Aug. 6, 1775. was the eldest son of Charles X of France, (Comte d'Artois) and Maria Theresa of Savoy, Princess of Sardinia. In 1792 he led a force of French into Germany, but made a failure of the campaign, and was banished. He remained in exile until 1814, when, with the allies, he returned to France, entering Bordeaux, under British protection, March 12th. When Napoleon returned from Elba he was sent in haste, with such forces as he could collect, to oppose him; but he failed in the attempt, was deserted by his troops, and sent as a prisoner to Barcelona. Subsequently he invaded Spain in 1823, and restored Ferdinand VII to power. In the Revolution of July, 1830, he and his father were sent into exile. He died at Görlitz, June 3, 1844.

ANGOULÊME, MARIE THÉRÈSE CHARLOTTE, DUCHESSE D', wife of the preceding; born at Versailles, Dec. 19, 1778. She was a daughter of Louis XVI, and was, with her father and her mother, the hapless Marie Antoinette, confined in the Temple. Released in 1795 in exchange for sansculottes captured by the Austrians, she spent many years in exile. She died in Vienna, Oct. 19, 1851.

ANGRA PEQUENA OR LÜDERITZ BAY, a bay on the southwest coast of Africa, in lat. 26° 38' S., and long. 14° 55′ E. It gives name to the southern littoral of Great Namaqualand, a sandy, waterless region, but apparently rich in minerals, and having a healthy climate. In 1883 AngraPequena was ceded by a Namaqua chieftain to Lüderitz, a Bremen merchant, and the next year it was taken under German protection, with all the coast to the north as far as Cape Frio, except Walfish Bay, which belongs to England. See AFRICA, in these Supplements.

ANGSTRÖM, ANDERS JONAS, a Swedish natural philosopher; born at Lödgö, in Vesternorrland, Sweden, Aug. 13, 1814; died June 21, 1874. In 1833 he entered the University of Upsala, where he became a privat-docent (1839), keeper of the observatory (1843), and professor of physics (1858). From 1867 till his death he acted as

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secretary to the Royal Society of Sciences at Upsala. His works embrace the subjects of heat, magnetism, and especially optics. His Recherches sur le Spectre Solaire (Berlin, 1869,) was an important supplement to Kirchoff's great work on the solar spectrum. Other works were Sur les Spectres des Gas Simples (1871), and Mémoire sur la Température de la Terre (1871).

ANGUILLULA, a genus of round worms or Nematoidea, examples of which are found in vinegar, sour paste, and blighted wheat. They are remarkable for tenacity of life, some being able to withstand great heat and dryness, and others, as the vinegar-eel, can resist strong chemicals for a surprisingly long time. They are related to the horsehair-worms (Gordiida.)

ANGUIS, a perfectly harmless animal belonging to the lizard family. The slowworm, or blindworm, which occurs in all parts of Europe, is a typical example. This animal is neither blind nor a true worm. Its eyes are very small, and no external limbs are present.

ANGULAR MOTION, in physics, the movement of a body about a fixed central point. The movement of a pendulum is called angular motion, because it is measured by the angle formed by the supposed line drawn from the common point to the different points of its motion. ANGULO, PEDRO DE, missionary; born in Burgos, Spain, about 1500; died in 1562. He set out for America, and, after some years spent in a Dominican convent in Mexico, was ordained priest. In 1541, he was sent to Guatemala, and about 10 years later directed his efforts to the conversion of the people who lived north of there, and in company with two missionaries finally succeeded in converting the entire nation.

ANGUS, JOSEPH, an English clergyman; born Jan. 16, 1816. He graduated at Edinburgh University in 1836, and took the first prize in mathematics, in Greek, in logic, in belles-lettres, the gold medal in ethics and political philosophy, and a prize of one hundred guineas for the best essay on the influence of the writings of Lord Bacon. He studied theology at Stepney College, and was ordained pastor of the Baptist Church in New Park Street, Southwark. He received a hundred guineas as a prize for an essay in reply to Rev. Dr. Chalmers's defense of church establishments; a prize for a series of lectures on The Advantages of a Classical Education as an Auxiliary to a Commercial Education; one for an essay called Christ Our Life; and another for an essay on the Nature, Growth and Representation of the Church. In 1840 he was appointed secretary of the Baptist Missionary Society, resigning in 1849 to become president of Stepney College. For many years he was the English examiner in the University of London and for the Indian civil service. one of the revisers of the English New Testament and a member of the Evangelical Alliance.

He was

ANGUS, SAMUEL, an American naval officer; born in Philadelphia in 1784. Entering the service in 1799, he saw arduous service in the early days of the United States navy. In two encounters

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with the French he was severely wounded, and again in fighting the English in the war of 1812. His ship carried Adams and Clay to negotiate the Treaty of Ghent. His wounds impaired his reason, so much so that he was dismissed the service in 1824. He died in Geneva, New York, May 29, 1840.

ANHALT. This duchy of Germany has a constitution, proclaimed Sept. 17, 1859, and modified by decrees of Sept. 17, 1863, and Feb. 13, 1872. It gives legislative power to a diet composed of 36 members, of whom 2 are appointed by the duke, 8 are representatives of landowners who pay the highest taxes, 2 of the highest-taxed inhabitants belonging to the mercantile and industrial classes, 14 of the other inhabitants of towns, and 10 of the rural districts. The executive power is entirely in the hands of the duke, who governs through a minister of state. The present Duke of Anhalt is Friedrich, who succeeded to the duchy April 22, 1871. The duchy comprises an area of 906 English square miles, with a population of 271,963 at the census of Dec. 1, 1890. In 1875 the population was 213,565, and in 1880 it was 232,592. From 1875 to 1880 the increase was at the rate of 1.78 per cent per annum, and from 1880 to 1890 at the rate of 1.34 per cent per annum. Of the population in 1890, 134,052 were males, and 137,904 (or 102.9 per 100 males) were females. The capital, Dessau, had 34,658 inhabitants in 1890. Nearly the whole of the inhabitants belong to the Reformed Protestant Church, there being 8,875 Catholics and 1,580 Jews. Of the population, 32,932 are actively engaged in agriculture. There were 185 miles of railway in April, 1892. See also ANHALT, Vol. II, p. 47.

ANHALT-BERNBURG, CHRISTIAN, PRINCE OF, a German military commander, born in 1568. At the head and front of the Protestant princes, he was the principal in the formation of the league against the emperor in 1608. He led the army of the elector palatine Frederick which suffered defeat before Prague in 1620. He died in 1630.

ANHALT-DESSAU, LEOPOLD, PRINCE OF, a Prussian field-marshal, familiarly known to his men as "Der Alte Dessauer," (the old Dessauer). Born at Dessau, July 3, 1676, he commanded the Prussians under Prince Eugene in the campaigns in Italy and Flanders (1706-12). For his services at Hochstädt, Blenheim, Cassano and Turin, he received a field-marshal's baton in 1712. As second in command, he led the Prussians against Charles XII of Sweden, and captured Rügen in 1715; was present at the victories of Neustadt, Jägerndorf and Kesselsdorf in 1745. He died at Dessau in April, 1747.

of Denmark, and situated in the Cattegat, 47 miles N. of Zealand, and in lat. 56° 44' N., long. 11° 39' E. It has a lighthouse to warn mariners of the encircling shoals. The island is 7 miles. long, with an average width of 4 miles. Population 1895, 200.

ANHYDRITE.

It is of no great value for building, on account of its tendency to change; but some of its varieties, especially the siliciferous or vulpinite, found at Vulpino, in Upper Italy, are used for sculptures, and take a fine polish. See MINERALOGY, Vol. XVI, p. 400.

ANI OR ANNI, a ruined city of Turkish Armenia. In the tenth century it was the capital of the Bagratide kings of Armenia. Afterward it was taken and sacked by Alp Arslan, and in the fourteenth century it was destroyed by an earthquake. Numerous ruins of buildings and massive walls remain. It is situated 28 miles E. by S. of Kars.

ANIL. See INDIGO, Vol. XII, p. 843.

ANIMAL CHEMISTRY is that department of chemistry which aims to accumulate knowledge of the chemical structure and properties of animal bodies. It aims to discover not only the exact composition of living protoplasm, but also the precise steps in its constructive and destructive changes, and the exact nature of the various secretions, excretions and other products of the living animal-cell.

The present knowledge of the exact chemical processes involved in the structure and functions of living matter is in a very crude condition. This is due to the fact that chemical treatment kills living organisms, and thus only the composition of dead matter can be determined by known methods of chemical investigation. It is impossible to determine the extent to which the syntheses and analyses of the living body resemble those of the chemist in the laboratory. progress, however, has been made in our knowledge of substances which enter largely into the composition of protoplasm and its products. See PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, in these Supplements.

Great

ANIMALCULE, a term which, although etymologically applicable to any very small animal, is limited, in ordinary language, to those animals. which are microscopical. It is popularly applied to the unicellular animals (Protozoa). All animalcules were at first supposed to belong to the same general type of structure, but are now known to be extremely varied; hence the term has become so vague in meaning that it is disused by scientific writers.

ANHOLT, an island belonging to the kingdom

in all muscular and nervous tissues. Several animals have special electric organs which are capable of giving powerful shocks. These organs are apparently modified muscular tissue, and are intimately connected with the nervous system. In the African fish malapterurus the electric organs

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$4,224,588. The chief imports are cotton yarn, cottons, tea, petroleum, paper goods, etc.

ANNANDALE, a village of Dutchess County, New York, situated near the left bank of the Hudson River, 21 miles N. of Poughkeepsie. It is the seat of St. Stephen's College, a Protestant Episcopal institution founded in 1860. Here some 67 young men receive instruction from 7 professors. The college has productive funds amounting to $181,303. Population of the village in 1890, 119.

ANNANDALE, a part of Dumfriesshire, Scotland. See ANNAN, Vol. II, p. 61.

ANNANDALE, THOMAS, an English surgeon; born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, Feb. 2, 1838, and educated at the Newcastle Infirmary and the University of Edinburgh. He became private assistant to the late Professor Syme, demonstrator of anatomy in the University of Edinburgh, and surgeon and lecturer on surgery to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. His high reputation as a practical and operating surgeon and teacher of surgery led to his appointment, in October, 1877, as regius professor of clinical surgery in the University of Edinburgh. He is the author of many medical works and numerous contributions to profession periodicals.

ANNA PERENNA, in mythology, the daughter of Belus and sister of Dido. After the death of the latter, she is said to have fled to Italy from Carthage, and to have been kindly received by Æneas. Here she is fabled to have excited the jealousy of Lavinia, and fled and threw herself in the river Nuncius. Thenceforth she was worshiped as the nymph of the river, under the name of Anna Perenna. Other authorities claim a higher antiquity for the goddess, as an old Italian divinity, and urge that her identification with the sister of Dido is a myth of late origin.

ANNA PETROVNA, Peter the Great's eldest daughter; born in 1706. She married Charles Frederick, duke of Holstein-Gottorp, in 1725. Her son became Peter III of Russia. She died in 1728.

STATE HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND.

ANNAPOLIS, a city and port of entry, capital of the state of Maryland, and county seat of Anne

Arundel County, situated on the Severn, near its entrance into Chesapeake Bay. The harbor, known as Annapolis Roads, is one of the best in the United States. Annapolis is the seat of the United States Naval Academy, of St. John's College, and of St. Mary's Seminary. Among the prominent buildings are the courthouse, jail, governor's mansion, and a massive brick statehouse, surmounted by a lofty dome and cupola. Population 1890, 7,604. See ANNAPOLIS, Vol. II, p. 61.

ANN ARBOR, a prosperous city and railroad center, county seat of Washtenaw County, Michigan, with a population in 1890 of 9,431,-an increase during the last decade of 1,370. See also ANN ARBOR, Vol. II, p. 61; also MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY, in these Supplements.

ANNASIR OR AL NASIR LEDINILLAH, an Abassid caliph who reigned in Bagdad, 11801225. He was a Mæcenas to the arts and learning, and a successful soldier in resisting invasion.

ANNATTO. See ARNOTTO, Vol. II, p. 627. ANN, CAPE, a rocky peninsula, forming the eastern extremity of Essex County, Massachusetts, and the northern point of Massachusetts Bay. It is about 30 miles N. E. from Boston, and on the peninsula are the towns of Gloucester and Rockport, as well as numerous summer resorts. Thatcher's Island, two miles off the eastern point of the Cape, are two fixed lights, about 1,800 feet apart.

On

ANNEKE, MATHILDA FRANCESKA GIESLER, a German-American woman's rights advocate; born near Blankenstein, Prussia, April 3, 1817. She was early an agitator for political and social freedom, serving as one of her husband's staff in the revolution of 1848. Seeking an asylum in America on the defeat of the revolutionists, she settled at Milwaukee, editing the Frauen Zeitung and conducting an educational institution for young

women.

ANNE OF AUSTRIA, the daughter of Philip III, king of Spain, and wife of Louis XIII, king of France; born in Madrid, Spain, Sept. 22, 1601; she was married Nov. 9, 1615, becoming the mother of Louis XIV of France, and Philip, founder of the House of Orleans. On the death of her husband in 1643, she became regent of France, though the government was speedily placed in the hands of Mazarin. On this statesman's death in 1661, she retired to a convent, where she died, Jan. 20, 1666. Her regency was marked by the outbreak of the Fronde.

ANNE OF BRITTANY, queen of France; born at Nantes, 1476; daughter and heiress of Francis II, duke of Brittany; she married Charles VIII, king of France, in 1492, and after his death. in 1499, she married his successor, King Louis XII. By her first marriage, Brittany, as her dowry, the last of the great fiefs of France, became united to the crown. She died Jan. 9, 1514, two years after her second widowhood.

ANNE OF DENMARK, daughter of Frederick II, king of Denmark, and husband of James VI of Scotland (afterward James I of England);

born at Skanderborg, Jutland, Dec. 12, 1574; married at Upslo, Norway, Nov. 23, 1589. She had Romanish tendencies, and was as much given to frivolity as her husband was given to pedantry. She died at Hampton Court Palace, March 2, 1612.

ANNENKOW OR ANNENKOFF, MICHAEL, a Russian general officer and engineer; son of a Russian general officer, he was born in St. Petersburg in 1838, and was from his earliest years destined for a military career. His first service was seen in the Polish insurrection. Having attained the rank of colonel, he followed the German army as a military attaché in the FrancoPrussian war. Then, with the intrepid Skobeleff, he took part in the Merv campaign. His greatest achievements, however, have been the construction of the Transcaspian and the Transsiberian railroads.

ANNI. See ANI, in these Supplements. ANNIHILATIONISTS, a religious sect. See ESCHATOLOGY, Vol. VIII, p. 538.

ANNISTON, a busy manufacturing city and railroad center in Calhoun County, Alabama. It has 3 banks, 3 newspapers, 23 churches, and an excellent system of schools. There are ironmines in the vicinity, and iron and cotton goods are the leading products. It is situated 57 miles E. by N. of Birmingham, and has stations on the Louisville and Nashville and Southern railroads. Population 1890, 9,998.

ANNIUS OF VITERBO, an Italian Dominican monk; born at Viterbo in 1432. He issued a treatise on the empire of the Turks in 1471, and in 1498 published a spurious collection of lost classics in 17 volumes. These have been proved to be forgeries. He died Nov. 13, 1502.

ANNO DOMINI means in the year of our Lord, and is abbreviated A.D. This abbreviation is frequently used in legal documents, followed by the words or figures expressing the year. The use of this term in expressing dates is not necessary to the validity of the document, except in indictments and those writings where the most extreme accuracy is required.

ANNOLIED, an ancient German poem, eulogistic of Anno, the tutelary saint of Cologne. Its date is ascribed to a period soon after 1073, when Anno died in the archiepiscopate of Cologne. Its literary value, from a linguistic point of view, is considerable. Various modern editions have appeared.

ANNUAL REGISTER, a yearly record of public events, commenced in 1759 and continued to the present time. It was projected by Robert Dodsley, the bookseller, and for nearly thirty years Edmund Burke wrote the survey of events. The work is now published by Messrs. Rivington. Preceding works of the same kind were Boyer's Political State of Europe (1711-39) and the Historical Register, a quarterly (1716-38). Sir Walter Scott was among the contributors to the Edinburgh Annual Register (1808-27). See BURKE, Vol. IV, p. 540.

ANNUITY TAX, a local impost for the pay

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ment of the salaries of the established clergy of the city of Edinburgh. It was first established on a limited scale in 1661, and was extended in 1809. It amounted at one time to 6 per cent on the rent of houses and shops within the royalty. The tax was reduced in 1860, and under an act passed in 1870 it was redeemed by $282,500, paid by the corporation to the Edinburgh ecclesiastical commissioners.

ANNULUS, in botany, a delicate ring, or ringlike membrane, found upon certain plants. In most ferns the spore-cases are surrounded by an elastic annulus; many mosses are supplied with an elastic ring or annulus extending about the orifice of the capsule, between the lid and the base of the peristome; and in fungi an expanded ring appears upon the stem of the Agaricus after the cap has expanded, being the torn remains of the velum.

ANNUNCIADA, the name given to several religious orders and societies. The principal of these are,-1. The Society of the Annunciada, founded in Rome, in 1460, by Cardinal John Turrecremata, for the marriage of poor young women. It now provides, every Lady Day, 60 Roman crowns, a dress of white serge, and a florin for slippers, to above 400 persons for marriage portions. 2. The military order of the Annunciada of Savoy, created in 1362, by Amadeus, count of Savoy. 3. A religious order for women, instituted at Bourges, in 1500, by Jeanne de Valois, daughter of Louis XI, in honor of the ten virtues ascribed to the Virgin Mary. The nuns of this order wear a gray gown, a scarlet scapular, a blue simar and a white mantle. 4. The Celestial Annunciades, a religious order for females, instituted in 1604, by Maria Vittoria Fornari. The nuns dress in a blue mantle, and are therefore called "The Blue Sisters."

ANNUS DELIBERANDI, in Scots law, the period of a year allowed to an heir to decide whether he would accept the inheritance with the burden of his predecessor's debts. By recent legislation the period has been shortened to six months.

ANNVILLE, a city of southeastern Pennsylvania, five miles W. of Lebanon, on the Allentown and Harrisburg branch of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad. It is the seat of Lebanon Valley College, founded by the United Brethren. in 1866. Population 1890, 1,283.

ANOA, a group of ruminating quadrupeds of the bovine type, found in Celebes. Many of them resemble antelopes, and were formerly so classed. One species resembles a small buffalo. The natives call them sapi-outan or "cow of the woods."

ANODE, meaning the way up, a term in electrolysis, introduced by Faraday to designate the positive pole, or that surface by which the galvanic current enters the body undergoing decomposition (electrolyte); as opposed to cathode, the negative pole. In electrolytic decomposition, those ions of a compound which move against the current of electricity and gather or are decomposed