ANTHROPOMETRY-ANTIETAM fundamental theory is that habitual criminality produces anatomical physical marks, not alone of physiognomy, but upon the body. Its use is chiefly detective; for measurements of all parts of the body, of especial organs, as the ears, nose and openings of the eye, epithelial creases on the thumb or fingers, and like means of identification, are conclusive. It is virtually a system of recording that overthrows all devices to escape identification. As a solution of criminal anthropology, it offers little of value. No doubt can arise that criminals are more often the product of physiological conditions than of voluntary depravity or of a moral declension. Men do lapse, and repeated acts do result in loss of moral strength or degeneration; but moral declension gives but a small increment to the criminal classes. The study of criminal anthropology, regarding felons as the results of environment or heredity, must contribute much to the problem of the extirpation of a felonious class. As yet the study is in its infancy. See PRISON DISCIPLINE, Vol. XIX, pp. 747 et seq. 197 ANTICYCLONE. See METEOROLOGY, Vol. XVI, p. 154. ANTIDOTES. In a general sense, the term may be applied to whatever counteracts injurious influences, whether physical or mental. In medicine, an antidote is a substance employed to overcome the effects of some poison upon the animal system. See POISONS, Vol. XIX, p. 275. ANTIETAM, BATTLE OF. This battle was fought on the banks of the Antietam River, which rises in Pennsylvania, and, flowing into Maryland, joins the Potomac about 50 miles from Washington. It took place between the Federals under McClellan, and the Confederates under Lee, on Sept. 16-17, 1862. At the close of the Pennsylvania campaign, the army of the Potomac was consolidated with the army of Virginia, and General John Pope was made commander-in-chief. McClellan had been removed, and the succeeding campaigns of that summer in Virginia terminated with the defeat of Pope at the second battle of Bull Run. This event was followed by Pope's resignation; McClellan was recalled, and on Sept. D. O. K. 5, 1862, Lee's army crossed the Potomac River, ANTHROPOMETRY, the measurement of the in pursuance of the plan of its commander, "to human body to discover its exact dimensions and transfer the scene of operations to the enemy's the proportions of its parts, for comparison with territory." The campaign in Maryland was inauits dimensions at different periods, or in different gurated at Frederick, and included among its leadraces or classes. Cranial measurements haveing features the surrender of Harper's Ferry with long been adopted by anthropologists as the basis a force of 12,500 men. of their classifications of races; but the conformation of the skull and the relation of its height to its breadth vary so much within the same tribe as not to be of themselves sufficient data on which to rest generalizations. As a basis of comparison, M. Quételet's method is infinitely more valuable. He defined the general types of mankind by measuring, with reference to such particular qualities as height, weight, complexion and the like, a certain number of men, and selecting as the standard the most numerous group, on both sides of which the groups decrease in number as they vary in type, and thus arrived at the typical mean man of a population. ANTHROPOMORPHITE, one who attrib utes human form to the Deity. See AUDEUS, Vol. III, p. 69; also ANTHROPOMORPHISM, Vol. II, p. 123. ANTI-BURGHER. See UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, Vol. XXIII, p. 728. ANTICHLOR, the name formerly applied to commercial sulphite of soda by paper-makers, but now usually restricted by hyposulphite of soda. ANTICLEIA, in mythology, the daughter of Antolycus and wife of Laërtes. She was the mother of Ulysses, or Odysseus, and is fabled to have died from grief at her son's long absence. Euripides (Iphigenia in Aulis, 524) styles Odysseus, a son of Sisyphus, in reference to a tradition as to Anticleia's intimacy with Sisyphus before she married Laërtes. ANTICLINE, in geology. See Anticlinical Folds under GEOLOGY, Vol. X, pp. 300 301, 304. ANTI-CORN LAW LEAGUE. See COBDEN, Vol. VI, p. 86. McClellan, who had meanwhile been moving in pursuit of the enemy, came up with D. H. Hill's division at Boonsboro Pass, September 14th. An engagement followed, but without material advantage to either side. That same night Lee reached Sharpsburg, and two days later the opposing armies confronted each other on opposite banks of Antietam Creek, a stream of minor importance flowing through a beautiful expanse of country, and emptying into the Potomac River six miles from Harper's Ferry. from Harper's Ferry. The creek opposite Sharpsburg is fordable, and at the date of the battle was crossed by three stone bridges. On the night of September 16th the contending forces were placed in position, the right of the Union army being held by the divisions of Hooker and Mansfield, supported by the divisions of Sumner and Franklin, with Burnside on the left, and Fitz-John Porter's command occupying the center. The Confederate army was commanded by General Lee in person, the right, center and left being severally held by the divisions of Longstreet, D. H. Hill and Hood. They were arranged in order of battle on Antietam Heights, elevations ascending almost abruptly from Antietam Creek, between the latter and the Potomac River, and affording advantages of no inconsiderable importance. The battle was commenced at daylight on the morning of September 17th, Hooker and Mansfield attacking Hood's division, and compelling the latter's temporary retirement. The enemy was reinforced, however, and in time caused the retreat of Hooker, the battle so continuing with varying fortune throughout the day, the left doing comparatively little execution, the dislodgment of the Confed 198 ANTIFEBRIN-ANTIOCHUS X erates from their position being found to be impos- | sible, although Porter's fine command of 20,000 men, including a division of regulars, had not been engaged at all, being held in reserve. The Union lines were impregnable; all attempts to divide the army were vain, the Confederates, each time the attempt was made, being repulsed with disastrous results. The contest was prolonged until late in the afternoon, when a suspension of hostilities occurred, each army undertaking preparations for active operations on the succeeding day. The battle, however, was not resumed on the 18th, and that night Lee withdrew, recrossing the Potomac on the 19th, and marched to Winchester unmolested, taking with him his large baggage train and everything of value. McClellan, whose forces numbered nearly double those of Lee, was urged by President Lincoln in person to press the pursuit of the enemy, but 18 days later he was still on the north bank of the Potomac. This dilatory This dilatory action resulted in his relief from his command and the end of his military career. The battle of Antietam, or Sharpsburg as it is called by the Confederates, has been variously regarded, as indecisive, and as a decided success for the Union army. Both sides lost heavily, the Union loss being 2,108 killed, including General Mansfield, 10,302 wounded and missing; and the Confederate loss, 1,253 dead, 10, 180 wounded and missing. Many of the Union officers were seriously wounded, General Joe Hooker among the number. ANTIFEBRIN OR ACETANILID (C'H NH. C'H3O), a white, colorless powder, with burning taste. It is almost insoluble in cold water, though readily soluble in alcohol. It is derived from anilin, to which it is closely allied. It was introduced in 1886 as a febrifuge, and its cheapness, its rapidity of action and its non-poisonous nature have brought it rapidly into favor as a substitute for quinine. ANTI-FEDERAL PARTY. In 1787, when the convention called for the formulation of the constitution, and composed of delegates from the several states, had unanimously agreed upon the form, and had sent attested copies to the state legislatures for their consideration and approval, an earnest discussion arose among the people in all directions as to its merits. Its friends deemed it important to prepare and circulate the strongest possible popular arguments in its behalf. A series of 82 able papers were prepared, chiefly by Alexander Hamilton, of New York, and sent out under the name of "The Federalist," strongly supporting the proposed constitution. Immediately those who favored the "Federalist" began to be called Federalists and their opponents Anti-Federalists. Prominent leaders of the former were Washington, Hamilton, Jay and Madison, while Thomas Jefferson was early recognized as the leader of the latter. Jefferson sought to attach the name Republicans or Democratic-Republicans to the opposition, but with only partial success at that time. This party was the lineal ancestor of that known since the Presidency of John Quincy ANTI-MASONIC PARTY. In 1826 William Morgan, who was preparing a revelation of the secrets of Freemasonry, suddenly disappeared. It was rumored that he had been foully dealt with by members of the order, and intense excitement was the result, followed by the establishment of a political party based on opposition to the order. It cast in New York, in 1828, 30,000 votes; in 1829, 70,000, and about 128,000 in 1832. In 1832 it nominated William Wirt for President, but only carried one state-Vermont. In 1835 it elected Joseph Ritner governor of Pennsylvania. The excitement gradually died out and the party disappeared. William H. Seward owed his start in political life to this party, which sent him to the New York senate in 1830. ANTI-MISSION BAPTISTS, or as they call themselves, OLD-SCHOOL BAPTISTS, a sect of hyper-Calvinistic Baptists of America, who contemn Sunday schools, missions, colleges or theological schools as rendering the salvation of men dependent on human effort, and not upon Divine grace. ANTIMONIAL WINE, in medicine, a solution of tartar emetic in sherry or other wine. ANTIOCH BAY, an indentation of the shores of the Mediterranean at the estuary of the Orontes River, extending from latitude 35° 50' to 36° 20' N., longitude 36° E. It is sheltered by lofty mountains on the north and south, is of considerable depth, and affords good holding-ground for anchors. Ruins on the north shore are said to be those of an ancient port of Antioch, called Seleucia Peiria. ANTIOCH COLLEGE, an institution of learning at Yellow Springs, Greene County, Ohio, founded in 1852. It is non-sectarian and co-educates the sexes. Twelve instructors, under the presidency of D. A. Long, attend to the requirements of 200 students. The college has funds. amounting to $100,000, an annual income of $6,000 and a library of 7,000 books. ANTIOCHIAN SCHOOL, a theological school of the fourth century, whose tenets were opposed to the Alexandrian school. See THEODORE OF MOPSUESTRA, Vol. XXIII, p. 255; LUCIAN, Vol. XV, p. 46; PAUL OF SAMOSATA, Vol. XVIII, p. 429. ANTIOCHUS IX, surnamed CYZICENUS, a king of Syria for the brief period of one year, 96-95 B. C. He was the son of Antiochus VII by Cleopatra. He committed suicide, 95 B.C. ANTIOCHUS X, surnamed EUSEBES, a king ANTIOCHUS XIII-ANTI-RENT TROUBLES of Syria, son of Antiochus IX, and a ruler for as brief and inglorious a period. Succeeding to the throne on his father's suicide in 95 B. C., he was soon deposed by his subjects, driven into exile and died in obscurity. ANTIOCHUS XIII, styled ASIATICUS, the last king of the Seleucidæan dynasty of Syria. Ascending the throne about 69 B. C., he fell a captive in the hands of Pompey, when the Roman legions overran Syria in 65 B.C. His country became a Roman province, and he figured as the spolia opima in a Roman conqueror's triumphal procession. He was put to death in Rome, 29 B. C. ANTIOCO ISLAND, SAN, an island at the southwestern extremity of the island of Sardinia, immediately N.W. of the Gulf of Palmas, and 45 miles S. W. of Cagliari. Its area is about 42 square miles, with a population of 2,300. ANTIPAROS. See OLEAROS, in these Supple ments. ANTIPHANES, a name borne by at least five celebrities among the ancients. Of these the most noted were-1. A comic poet of the middle Attic comedy; born about 404 B. C., and died 330 B. C. He is said to have written as many plays as there were days in the year, 130 at least having come down to the present day. Meineke has issued them in his Fragmenta, Comic, Græc. (Vol. I, pp. 491-574). 2. Another of the name was of Berga, in Thrace. He wrote on incredible and marvelous things. 3. A Greek epigrammatic poet, of the reign of Augustus. 4. A sculptor of Argos, disciple of Polycletus and teacher of Cleon. 5. A physician of Delos, who flourished about 200 A. D. ANTIPHLOGISTIC, a term applied to remedies and to regimen, calculated to reduce inflammation and the heat of fevers, such as purgatives, antifebrins, cooling drinks, and occasionally blood-letting. ANTIPODAL CELLS. In angiosperms, the In angiosperms, the macrospore (embryo-sac of the ovule) develops its gametophyte internally as a group of free cells. A group of three cells (egg-apparatus) is formed at the micropylar end of the embryo-sac; a solitary cell (endosperm nucleus) is placed more centrally; and a group of three (sometimes more) cells is formed at the opposite or antipodal end of the embryo-sac, known as the "antipodal cells." The antipodal cells represent, therefore, part of the vegetative structure of the female gametophyte. See figure under EMBRYO-SAC, in these Supplements. ANTIPODES, a cluster of small uninhabited islands in the South Pacific, southeast of New Zealand, in lat. 49° 42′ S., long. 178° 43' E., so styled from their nearly antipodal position to the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, near London, whence longitude is estimated for the British possessions. ANTIPOPE, a pontiff elected in opposition to one canonically chosen. The first antipope was Felix, during the pontificate of Liberius (352366). During the middle ages several emperors of Germany set up antipopes. In all, there were 44 antipopes, if one reckons the Avignon anti 199 one bone. ANTIPYRIN. As found in commerce, it is an artificial organic base, in the form of a white, crystalline powder, or in scales, remarkable for its ready solubility in water. It is produced by the action of phenyl-hydrazin on acetic ether, and the subsequent methylation of the product. Its constitution may be indicated by the designation of dimethylphenyloxypyrazol, or by dimethylphenylpyrazolon. This constitution, according to the elaborate researches of its discoverer, Dr. Ludwig Knorr, of Germany (1890), is seen in the formula grouped as follows: Its most characteristic reactions are those it gives with perchloride of iron and nitrate of soda. The former produces a deep reddish-brown color in the neutral solution, the latter an intense emerald - green tint in the slightly acidulated solution. It gives an intense red coloration with chloride of iron. It is an extremely efficacious agent for the reduction of the morbid temperature in nearly all cases of febrile disorder, such as typhus, pneumonia, pulmonary phthisis, pleurisy, acute rheumatic gout and articular rheumatism, erysipelas, puerperal fever, scarlatina, inflammations, etc. It effects with high fever a reduction of temperature from three and a half to five and a half degrees. On account of its depression of the heart's action, it is a dangerous drug. ANTI-RENT TROUBLES, an outbreak in parts of New York that resulted in the extirpation of the last traces of subinfeudation in that state. To induce settlements in New Netherland, the Dutch West India Company offered vast territorial grants, with feudal jurisdiction, to such of its members as should colonize a certain number of persons, within a prescribed period, on their lands. A number of such grants were made, and the owners of the fee were known in New York as patroons. Among the larger of these grants. were the Van Rensselaer patent, Livingston Manor, the Hardenburg patent and the Holland purchase, in the central part of the colony. There were other large grants, but these were the chief, and the most valuable of them were in Rensselaer, Columbia, Albany, Greene and Delaware counties. The proprietors of these lands leased them to tenants for annual payments in kind, of which some were subsequently commuted into money. Alienations of leases carried with them a fine of one year's rent to the landlord,—a stipulation that was voided in 1787 by the state legislature. Two causes of irritation gave rise to outbreaks that lasted from 1839 to 1847: first, the refusal of the proprietors to sell their lands to tenants; second, distraint by the sheriff for 200 ANTISCORBUTICS-ANTI-SEMITES rents that had been allowed to fall into arrears, and which the tenants expected to have forgiven. Thus the heirs of Stephen Van Rensselaer, in 1839, brought ejectment suits for $400,000, delinquent dues, which had been accumulating for years. The service of the writs was resisted by tenant mobs, which were suppressed, in 1840, by the militia. Anti-rent associations were then formed, and their members came, disguised as Indians, to oppose the sheriff's officers, and even court sessions were broken up. In 1844-45, the sheriff of Columbia County was reduced to impotency, and two men were killed. At Delhi, in 1845, a deputy sheriff lost his life, and Delaware County was proclaimed to be in insurrection. Here more than a score of rioters were imprisoned, seven of them for life, and thrice as many fled from the county. The general feeling in the state was in favor of the tenants, and the antirenters were able, in 1846, to secure the election of John A. Young as governor. He pardoned the offenders on the ground that they were political and not moral criminals. Suits were brought in the courts to test the rights of proprietors, and by judicial rulings and constitutional amendments this system of perpetual leaseholds was soon destroyed. See Anti-Rent Agitation, by E. P. Cheney (University of Pennsylvania publications, 1887). ANTISCORBUTICS, remedies for the scurvy, such as lime-juice, fresh vegetables, etc. See SCURVY, Vol. XXI, p. 572. in January, 1893, was led by the Marquis de Morés, in connection with the Panama Canal scandals. He charged them with corrupting French honesty and despising principles of honor. The police were required to disperse his disorderly assemblies. The same year, in Switzerland, the AntiSemites, chiefly Protestants, carried a law prohibiting as cruel the Jewish method of slaughtering animals for food. In Rumania it was enacted that, from the opening of 1893, Jewish children. should be excluded from state schools, and in some districts Jewish families, resident therein for generations, were forcibly expelled. In Austria-Hungary the movement is complicated by the political antagonisms of the races in that heterogeneous empire. When the Jews were excluded from the grain market of Vienna, they were invited to Budapest. Yet in the Reichsrath of this empire the Anti-Semites controlled, in 1895, 15 votes. This party came into antagonism with the court in Vienna, where they were able to elect Dr. Lüger burgomaster of the city in 1895. The Emperor refused to approve, and dissolved the municipal council, ordering a new election. In this movement the Anti-Semites were opposed by the Liberals. The contest was prolonged into 1896, the Viennese persisting in their support of Jewish ostracism. ents. In Russia there is a pale within which Jews are compelled to reside, as in the Ghettos of mediaval cities. The result of cooping them in towns is found to be more deleterious to social and sanANTI-SEMITES, a name given to those who itary conditions than persecution. In February, oppose the social, economic and political influence 1893, the right of unmolested residence within the of Jews, regarding them as a people alien by line- pale, by families which had settled there prior to age and faith to those among whom they dwell, 1880, was revoked, but new measures were decreed, without regard to place of nativity. In one sense, mitigating the restrictions formerly imposed upon Anti-Semitism may be understood as embracing the Israelites dwelling in frontier towns. The all those who at any time favor the suppression Hebrews who sought asylum in Turkey from Rusof Judaism or the persecution of Hebrews. In a In asian proscription were turned back, although, as narrower sense, it comprises a recent party which a rule, in Mohammedan countries there is great opposes the Jews by political methods. Political toleration of the Mosaic religion and of its adherAnti-Semitism is unknown in the United States, but it has taken an acute form of activity in a number of European states, especially since the death of the Emperor William I, of Germany, who regarded hostility to the Jews as contemptible. The efforts of Adolf Stoecker, a court chaplain and popular preacher of Berlin, to create an agitation to exclude Jews in Prussia from civil rights virtually ended with his resignation, under official pressure, in 1890, of his chaplaincy. His work, however, was taken up by Boeckel and Ahlwardt, who were able to control a few votes in the Reichstag (in 1896 these numbered 17), and by casting them for the Army Bill in 1893, secured some recognition from the Conservatives. However, the same year, Ahlwardt was repudiated by the supporters of the government. In Prussia the Anti-Semites base their action upon the claim that German Judaism, through its control of the press, endeavors to overthrow Christianity, and that its practices are usurious and its influence immoral. In France an outbreak of hostility to Israelites Two causes give the Anti-Semitic movement an importance which it is to be hoped will prove unsubstantial. In the minute division of parties in European legislatures, government measures are often passed only by combinations adroitly formed by the cabinet. Hence the few votes controlled by the Anti-Semites give them a capital for political trading, and bring them into prominence. Again, there is the apprehension, in countries where the control of wealth and trade is in Jewish hands, that the Anti-Semite party may appeal to the socialistic tendencies of the working-people, and, under the guise of a race or religious conflict, a political party hostile to owners of capital and the security of government may thrive. movement is watched with cautious interest, as containing germs of an unknown fruitage. Outside of Russia it has little countenance from courts, and there the young Czar, Nicholas II, on his coronation, bestowed tokens of favor upon representatives of Judaism, and under him the Hebrews have had some repose. It is probable ANTISPASMODICS-ANTONIO DE SEDILLA 201 that European Anti-Semitism is more a socialistic | of about 10,000 inhabitants. It has large smeltthan a race or religious agitation for the majority of those who take part in it. ANTISPASMODICS, drugs which alleviate or cure spasms. They are generally noted for potent odors. Valerian, musk, ether, camphor and assafetida have been used, but the modern school of medicine goes further, and essays to find the causes that produce spasms, and by removing these causes restore the health of the patient. ANTISTROPHE, in the ancient choruses and dances, a term employed to signify the return of the chorus, exactly answering to a previous strophe, except that they moved from left to right, instead of from right to left. In grammar the term is used to signify an inverted construction. In logic it refers to Aristotle's designation of the conversion or transposition of the terms of a proposition. ANTITOXIN, a preparation found efficient as a remedy for diphtheria. It was first reported by It was first reported by Professor Behring, who had worked upon it with a Japanese, Kitasato, now professor at Tokyo, Japan. This discovery may be stated in the form of two propositions: 1. That animals which have once been made insusceptible to the diphtheria germ are proof against subsequent diphtheretic-poisoning. 2. That the blood of animals made insusceptible can act as an antidote to diphtheria poison. To prepare the antitoxin, a dose of diphtheria poison sufficient to give rise to a few days' slight illness is injected under the skin of some animal, usually a horse. As soon as the horse has regained its health, the injection is repeated, with a larger quantity of the poison. But the animal can now tolerate this amount with even less discomfort than it felt after the former smaller dose. This treatment is continued for several months, until the animal could not be killed by several hundred times as much poison as would suffice for the destruction of a fresh horse. At the end of a proper period of time, several gallons of blood are taken from the animal, and the serum or watery part of the blood is the antitoxin. A very slight dose injected under the skin into the blood causes relief from diphtheria within 24 hours, usually, if the .case is dealt with soon enough. It also gives immunity to persons who have been exposed to the disease. ANTLERS. See DEER, Vol. VII, p. 23. ANT-LION, a name applied to the larval form of a neuropterous insect (Myrmeleon). The adult insect resembles the dragon-fly. They occur in sandy regions of various countries. The larva has a peculiar method of capturing its prey, chiefly ants. It digs a pitfall in the ground, conceals itself at the bottom, and waits for insects to fall into the trap. See ANT, Vol. II, p. 98. ANTOFAGASTA, a province and city of northern Chile, taken from Bolivia in the war of 1879. It contains an area of 60,900 square miles, and is one of the richest regions in the world for mineral deposits, especially the ores of gold and silver. The capital and principal seaport is a thriving city ing-works, and exports nitrate of soda and bullion. Population of the province in 1896, 35,851. ANTOMMARCHI, FRANCESCO, physician, a native of Corsica; born about 1780. He was already an anatomist of some celebrity at Florence, when he was induced, in 1818, to go to St. Helena as physician to Napoleon. He was received at first with mistrust, but Napoleon ultimately gave him his full confidence, and at his death left him 100,000 francs. After his return to Europe he published, at Paris, his dubious book, Les Derniers Moments de Napoléon (1823). During the Polish revolution he did duty at Warsaw as director of military hospitals. He afterwards went to the West Indies, and died in Cuba, April 3, 1838. ANTONELLI, GIACOMO, cardinal, born April 2, 1806, at Sonnino, a village situated near the Pontine Marshes. In 1819 he went to Rome and entered the Grand Seminary, where he proved himself one of the cleverest students of his time. his time. He gained the favor of Pope Gregory XVI, who named him a prelato, and gave him some excellent ecclesiastical appointments. In 1841 Antonelli became under-secretary of state to the ministry of the interior; in 1844, second treasurer, and in the following year finance minister of the apostolic chambers. Pope Pius IX raised Antonelli to the dignity of cardinal deacon in 1847, and in 1848 he became president and minister of foreign affairs in a liberal cabinet, which framed the famous Statuto, or constitution, proclaimed in 1848. He accompanied the pope in his flight to Gaeta, and returned with him to Rome. At the date of his death, Nov. 6, 1876, the various posts held by Antonelli made him virtually prime minister to the pope. ANTONIA, the name borne by two noted Roman matrons; the first was daughter of Mark Antony, the triumvir. She married Ahenobarbus and was Nero's grandmother. Her sister, often styled Antonia Minor, was the wife of Claudius Drusus Nero, and mother of Germanicus and the Emperor Claudius. ANTONINUS, COLUMN OF, a pillar standing in the Piazza Colonna of Rome, erected by the Roman senate, probably as a memorial of Antoninus Pius. The style is a mingling of Corinthian and Doric, and upon the pillar are numerous figures representing the victories of Marcus Aurelius. ANTONINUS, ITINERARY OF. See ANTONINI ITINERARIUM, Vol. II, p. 139; ITINERARIUM, Vol. XIII, p. 517. ANTONIO DE SEDILLA, called "Père Antoine," Spanish clergyman; born in Spain about 1730; died in New Orleans in 1829. In 1779 he was sent to Louisiana as commissary of the Inquisition, with power to put it in force in that colony; but the governor, fearing a revolution if the Spanish laws against heretics were applied, seized Père Antoine and his companions and sent them back to Spain. Four years later he returned to New Orleans as priest of St. Louis Cathedral, and his goodness and charity made him the idol of the French population. He gave all he had |