212 AQUEOUS HUMOR-ARABI PASHA ton Aqueduct is in reality a water-tunnel beneath | groups of cells which serve as reservoirs for the surface, 334 miles long and 13 feet 7 inches in diameter. The conduit for the supply of the city of Washington is also known as an aqueduct, though the recent additions have been by pipe-line, and quite an extended water-tunnel, to be worked under pressure, has been under way for some years. The metropolitan district of which Boston is the center is now entering upon the construction of additional water-works, involving very extensive masonry conduits, but these are not of the old aqueduct type. St. Louis has several miles of conduit, connecting the low service-station at Chain of Rocks with the distributing-station at Bissell's Point. In hydraulic mining operations, ditches are led for long distances from reservoirs far up the river courses or in the mountains, so as to obtain a working-head of several hundred feet. These have led to some remarkably bold aqueducts of wood carried on timber trestles, often at great heights. These structures are known, however, as flumes. Some very interesting works in the way of canal aqueducts were built in an early day. Those of the Erie canal at the crossings of the Genesee River, the Seneca River and the Upper and Lower Mohawk aqueducts were notable structures; likewise that at the Fox River crossing of the Illinois and Michigan canal. Some of these structures were arched masonry, while others consisted of a timber trunk carried on masonry piers. Canal-builders were disposed to avoid aqueducts, except minor structures over the smaller streams that came in at the sides of the valley, and usually crossed the larger watercourses by means of a pool produced by erecting a dam. This also served to feed the canal, and was shut off from the canal by a guard-lock in the flood season. The modern practice of engineering, with the resources and appliances now available, has made the old style of aqueduct nearly obsolete, and names more pertinent have come to be applied to the different classes of water-conduits. Works are not so monumental, but they are much cheaper, and far safer against accident and malicious mischief. The gravity systems, if adequately carried out, should be as permanent as those of old times. The pumping-systems are, of course, dependent for their maintenance and operation on an annual appropriation bill and efficient management. See AQUEDUCT, Vol. II, pp. 219, 230. LYMAN E. COOLEY. AQUEOUS HUMOR. See ANATOMY, Vol. I, p. 889. AQUEOUS ROCKS, in geology, those portions of the solids composing the layers of the earth's crust, whether existing in compact masses or as incoherent bulk, which have been deposited in a stratified or sedimentary condition by the action of water or ice. AQUEOUS TISSUE, a term applied to certain water. It is often a modified region of the hypoderma, as in the leaves of certain species of Polypodium, Aspidium, Tradescantia, palms, orchids, etc., in which the cells are thin-walled, without chlorophyll grains, full of watery sap and without intercellular spaces. In many cases of succulent and coriaceous leaves (Aloe, Mesembryanthemum, etc.), the aqueous tissue is represented by the colorless mesophyll. AQUIFOLIACEÆ, a family of dicotyledonous plants, of which the common holly (Ilex aquifolium) is best known. The order, however, contains three genera and numerous species, the greater part of which are natives of America, and many of them belong to the tropical and subtropical parts of it. They are shrubs or trees with simple leathery (sometimes spiny) leaves, small white clustered flowers, and a four-celled drupe with four stones. Certain South American species contain so much caffein that they are used as a beverage, as the "Paraguay tea" (Ilex paraguayensis). The family name is frequently given as Ilicineæ. AQUILA, a constellation situated above Capricornus and Aquarius, supposed to take its name from the eagle of Jupiter. It is on the meridian at 8 p.m. in the middle of September. AQUILA. See EAGLE, Vol. VII, p. 589. AQUILARIACEÆ, a family of dicotyledonous plants, all of which are trees with smooth branches and tough bark, natives of the tropical part of Asia. The leaves are entire, the perianth leathery, turbinate or tubular, its limb divided into four or five segments, the stamens usually ten, the filaments inserted into the orifice of the perianth, the ovary two-celled with two ovules, the stigma large, the fruit a two-valved capsule or a drupe. The order is chiefly interesting, as producing the fragrant wood called aloes-wood. AQUILEJA. See AQUILEIA, Vol. II, p. 230. ARABIAN ARCHITECTURE. See ARCHI TECTURE, Vol. II, pp. 445–448. 316. See SEMITIC LAN ARABIAN LANGUAGE. GUAGES, Vol. XXI, pp. 650–653. ARABIAN LITERATURE. See ARABIA, Vol. II, pp. 262-264. ARABIAN NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENTS. See THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS, Vol. XXIII, pp. 316-318. ARABIAN NUMERALS, the characters o, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. See NUMERALS, Vol. XVII, pp. 626, 627. ARACEÆ OR AROIDEÆ, the technical name of the ARUM FAMILY; q. v., in these Supplements. ARABI PASHA, AHMED EL HOUSSAIN, Egyption soldier and revolutionist, chief of the National Party in 1881-82, was born of fellah parentage, in Lower Egypt, in 1837; passed many years in the army without rising to higher rank than lieutenant-colonel; emerged from comparative obscurity when, in 1881, he headed the popular military revolt, by which it was sought to free Egypt ARAFURA SEA, an arm of the Indian Ocean, beetween Australia and Papua and the Timur Islands, connecting the Indian Ocean and Torres Strait. It extends from about 120° to 140° E. long., and is from 300 to 400 miles in width. It receives its name from the Arafura tribe, inhabiting some of the islands to the northwest. from the tutelage of other nations, and to appor- | color and aspect, the dark Papuans of New Guinea. tion among her own soldiers and citizens the many The Arafuras of the Ani Islands, says Réclus, lucrative offices of gov- claim descent from an ancestral tree, and eat the ernment then in the hands flesh of dogs, supposing it will keep them always of foreigners. By the brave and strong. bold uprising of September 9th, in that year, he secured an immediate change of ministry, which resulted, early in 1882, in his own elevation to be minister of war, with the rank of pasha; and when the British and French fleets appeared before Alexandria in May, 1882, he was virtually dictator of Egypt. Driven with his army from Alexandria by the British in July, and defeated by them at Tel-el-Kebir in September, he was taken prisoner at Cairo, September 14th, tried for treason in November (but was afterward allowed to plead guilty to the vague charge of rebellion), and was sentenced to death early in December. By previous arrangement the sentence was commuted to perpetual exile, and he was removed to Ceylon. ARABI PASHA. ARAGO, CAPE, OR CAPE GREGORY, a point of land in Coos County, Oregon, 4 miles S. of Empire City. before Empire City. On an island joined to the cape by a bridge stands a lighthouse with a flashing light, 75 feet above sea-level, in lat. 43° 20' 38" N., long. 140° 22' 11" W. ARACAN, a province and city of Burmah. See ARAKAN, Vol. II, pp. 305, 306. ARACARI, a genus of birds allied to the toucan, found in tropical regions of South America. The plumage is generally green, and often mingled with red and yellow. The feathers on the head of the crested-aracari are beautifully curled. ARACHNOID MATER OR MEMBRANE. See ANATOMY, Vol. I, p. 865. ARAD, a county of southern Hungary, west of Transylvania, having an area of 2,490 square miles; mountainous in the eastern portion. The inhabitants are chiefly Rumanian. Population 1881, 303,964.-OLD ARAD, the capital, on the right bank of the Marosch, 150 miles S. E. from Budapest, a fortified town and an important railway center, is the principal cattle market of the kingdom, and has large manufactures of tobacco, with an export trade in grain and wine. Population 1869, 32,700; 1890, 42, 100, including many Jews. -NEW ARAD, a town on the left bank of the Marosch, 4 miles S. E. from Old Arad, and at a distance from the river, has a population of 5,600, largely German. ARADUS, the modern Rouad, was a flourishing city of ancient Phoenicia, in the times of the Seleucides, and is, possibly, referred to in Gen. x, 18. It was destroyed in the seventh century by the Arabs, under Mohaviah. ARAFURAS, a name applied to certain wild and cruel tribes living in the interior of Celebes, Molucca, and other islands of that vicinity, who are believed by some to be the aborigines of those localities. Others claim that the name has no racial significance, but simply indicates the social condition of certain isolated and hostile populations which have kept aloof from the Mohammedan Malays. Some of them have even lighter skins than the Javanese, while others resemble, in ARAGO, FRANÇOIS VICTOR EMMANUEL, French advocate and Republican politician, eldest son of the great astronomer, born at Paris, June 6, 1812; was called to the bar in 1837, and was successful in many noted causes, usually in the interest of the Radical party. He took an active part in the revolution of 1848, but after the coup d'état of Dec. 2, 1852, he left politics and returned to the practice of his profession. After the disaster at Sedan he became an important member of the Government of National Defense; was elected member of the National Assemblies of 1871, 1876, 1882 and 1891, and served the republic as ambassador at Bern. Among his literary works are a volume of poems (1832), and La Nuit de Noël, and other vaudevilles (1832-37). He died in Paris, Nov. 27, 1896 ARAGO, ETIENNE VINCENT, French Republican politican and litterateur, brother of the great astronomer, born at Perpignan, Eastern Pyrenees, Feb. 9, 1802; paraded the streets of Paris with the Reds during the "three glorious days" of July, 1830; founded the journals La Réforme and Le Figaro, and was Director-General des Postes under Cavaignac in 1848, and the originator of cheap postage in France. cheap postage in France. Being condemned to transportation on account of having participated in the revolution of 1848, he fled the country, but returned in 1859. He was mayor of Paris during the German war, and became archivist to the École des Beaux Arts in 1878; later, conservator of the Museum of Luxembourg. Paris, March 6, 1892. His best literary works are a five-act comedy, produced in 1847, Les Aristocraties, in which Republican principles are set forth with flashing wit, and Les Bleus et les Blancs, an interesting romance of the war in Vendée. He was also author or collaborator of a vast number of light dramatic pieces. He died in ARAGO, JACQUES ÉTIENNE VICTOR, French traveler and litterateur, born at Estagel, March 10, 1790; died in Brazil, Jan. 1, 1855; was attached as artist and draughtsman to Freycinet's expedition to circumnavigate the globe in 1817-21, in the course of which he was shipwrecked upon the Falkland Islands, and of which he afterward published an interesting and humorous account; 214 ARAGONITE-ARAUJO D'AZEVEDO between 1823 and 1837 he led a literary life at ARAGONITE. See MINERALOGY, Vol. XVI, P. 398. ARALIA, a genus of dicotyledonous plants of the family Araliacea. The leaves are usually large and compound, and the small flowers in umbel-like clusters. A. quinquefolia is the North American ginseng, not so valuable as the Chinese ginseng, which is a member of the same family; A. nudicaulis is used in North America as a substitute for sarsaparilla; while A. spinosa is cultivated under the name of "Angelica tree," or "Hercules's club.” ARALIACEÆ, a family of dicotyledonous plants found in almost all parts of the world, in many respects resembling umbellifers, from which they differ in their ovary, having more than two cells, and by their more shrubby habit. The family is most largely represented in warm countries. Aside from the species of the typical genus, Aralia, (which see,) well-known species are Hedera Helix (the common ivy), Panax Schinseng (the Chinese ginseng), and Fatsia papyrifera (the source of the true Chinese rice-paper). the ARAMÆA (from the Hebrew word Aram, signifying the highland, in opposition to the lowland, of Canaan) includes the whole of the country situated to the northeast of Palestine. Its boundries, though not rigorously defined, were as follows: North, by Mount Taurus; east, by the Tigris; south, by Arabia; and west, by Arabia, Phoenicia and Lebanon. It embraced countries known to the Greeks by the various names of Syria, Babylonia and Mesopotamia. ARAMIDÆ, a family of birds completely intermediate between the cranes and rails. is only one genus (Aramus) which is tropicalAmerican in distribution. They are often known as limpkins or courlans. ARANEIDEA, or spider family. See ARACHNIDA, Vol. II, pp. 290, 299. ARANSAS, a bay and river in Texas. The river rises in Bee County, in the southwest of the state, separates Refugio and San Patricio counties; empties into a large western arm of the bay called Copano Bay. Aransas Bay lies behind St. Joseph's Island, and is a northeasterly extension of Corpus Christi Bay. It is 18 miles long and about 8 miles wide. An inlet from the Gulf of Mexico at the southern end of the island is called Aransas Pass, a name also given to a town on the main shore of San Patricio County opposite the inlet, and having a population of about 1,100. The town is on a railroad connecting Rockport, 12 miles to the N. E., on the bay shore, with San Antonio. ARANY, JÁNOS, next to Petöfi the most distinguished of modern Hungarian poets, born at Nagy-Szalonta, March 7, 1817; died in Budapest, Oct. 22, 1882. When the Kisfaludy Society of Pesth offered a prize, in 1843, for the best humorous poem, Arany sent in anonymously his humorous Az elveszett Alkotmany (The Lost Constitution of the Past). He was successful, and soon became a popular favorite. In 1848 appeared his Murany Ostroma (Conquest of Murany), and in 1874 his Buda Halála received special honor from the Hungarian Academy. ARAPAHOE OR ARRAPAHOE, a tribe of the Algonquin family of North American Indians, numbering about 5,000, and now located by the United States government partly in Wyoming and partly in Oklahoma, but formerly living on the plains between the Platte and Arkansas rivers. They were a bold and predatory race, cultivating alliance with the Sioux and Cheyennes, but warring constantly with the Utes. They were often a terror to settlers on the frontier. ARAPAIMA, a genus of fishes found in the rivers of South America, and said to be the largest fresh-water fish. It reaches a length of 10 to 12 feet, and a weight of 300 pounds. As a foodfish it is of great economic value. ARAPILES, a village of Spain, located upon heights four miles S. E. of Salamanca, the scene of the battle of Salamanca, July 22, 1812, in which the French, under Marmont, were defeated by Wellington. Population, 400. ARASH, a Persian measure of length, equivalent to 38.27 inches. ARAUCANIA. The Chilian province of Arauco, or country of the Araucos Indians, lying between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean, and bounded on the north by Concepcion, south by Valdivia, was formed in 1875, and has an area of 81,000 square miles and a population of 100,000. The Araucanians are interesting, as furnishing the only example of Indian selfgovernment in the presence of European races. They are a fierce and warlike people, and have a kind of military-aristocratic constitution, without any formal laws. From the days of Pizarro downward, Araucania has uniformly vindicated its freedom, its wars of independence having lasted, with intervals of precarious truce, from 1537 to 1773. In 1861 a French adventurer, Tonneins by name, was elected king of Araucania as Orélie Antoine I. He was soon at war with Chile, but was captured and allowed to go to France, and after a vain attempt to recover his kingdom, 1869-70, died in France, 1878. ARAUJO D'AZEVEDO, ANTONIO, afterwards CONDE DE BARCA, Portuguese diplomatist; born at Ponte de Lima, May 14, 1754; died at Rio Janeiro, June 21, 1817. He was an accomplished man of letters and science, devoted to efforts for ARAUJO PORTO-ALEGRE-ARBUTUS He the internal improvement of his country. founded an Economical Society of Friends of the Public Good; became an early member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Lisbon; joined in a project to render the river Lima navigable, and in another to aid the silk industry by the extensive planting of mulberry trees, besides introducing some textile manufactures into Portugal; appointed ambassador to the Hague in 1787; in 1797 he negotiated a treaty with France, which was afterward annulled, through pique at delay on the part of the Lisbon government in its ratification; in 1802 he was named Portuguese minister at St. Petersburg, and in 1803 became secretary of state in the cabinet at Lisbon. In 1808, after the capture of Lisbon by the French, he accompanied the king to Brazil, where he established botanic gardens, a school of chemistry, a printing-press and other civilizing institutions. He became minister of marine and the colonies in 1814, prime minister in 1817, and was created Count of Barca in 1815. Among his literary works are Portuguese translations of Horace's Odes, Gray's Elegy, and Dryden's Saint Cecilia's Day. ARAUJO PORTO-ALEGRE, MANOEL DE, Brazilian artist and poet; born in Rio Pardo, Nov. 29, 1806; studied painting and architecture, first at Rio Janeiro, then at Paris, and afterward visited Italy. In 1835 he became professor at the art school, and afterward drawing teacher in the military school at Rio. Was Brazilian consul-general at Stettin, 1859-66, but resided chiefly at Berlin; wrote Colombo, an unfinished epic poem; Brazilianas, a series of patriotic lyric poems. died Dec. 30, 1879, in Lisbon. He ARAURE, a town of Venezuela, South America, situated in lat. 9° 17′ N., long. 69° 28′ W., 60 miles E. N. E. of Trujillo, in a region noted for its fertility in the production of cotton, coffee, cattle, etc. Population, 10,000. ARBITRATION is the act of determining, by persons appointed to decide a matter in controversy, on a reference made to them for that purpose, either by agreement of the parties in dispute or by the order of a court of law. Though a somewhat inconsistent term, Compulsory Arbitration is used to define the obligation, created by law, to adopt this mode of settlement for certain disputes, especially those arising between workmen and employers in strikes, lockouts and controversies on wages. The character of recent labor troubles in the United States, and notably the disturbances at Homestead, Pennsylvania, and the railroad strike of 1894, have excited a strong feeling in favor of such law, advocated warmly by Dr. Lyman Abbott and others, though its operation would undoubtedly be strewn with difficulties. Some valuable recommendations and a very ample discussion of the whole subject will be found in the Report of the Railroad Strike Commission, which, under the able presidency of the Hon. Carroll D. Wright, investigated the causes and effects of this greatest of labor troubles. His valuable conclusions on this subject will be found 215 over his own signature in the article on LABOR ORGANIZATIONS; q.v., in these Supplements. See Vol. II, p. 311. ARBOIS DE JUBAINVILLE, MARIE HENRI D', French archivist, member of the Institute, and recipient of the cross of the Legion of Honor; born at Nancy, Dec. 5, 1827; studied, 1848-51, at the École des Chartes, and from 1852 to 1880 was archivist of the department of the Aube, and member of the Society of Agriculture, Commerce and Belles Lettres, and since 1882 the first incumbent of the chair of Celtic language and literature in the College of France. He was the author of many learned works, among which are Introduction to the Study of Celtic Literature (1882) and Essay for a Catalogue of Irish Epic Literature, etc. (1883). ARBOLEDA, JULIO, poet, orator, soldier and statesman of New Granada, born at Timbiqui, July 9, 1817; was educated in England, France and Italy, and upon returning to New Granada in 1838 took a course in law and politics at the University of Cauca. In 1839 he began his public life as editor of El Patriota, and later of El Independente; from that time on he took an active part in the troubles of his country, always on the conservative side of law and order, and holding many high military and political offices. While imprisoned by his enemies in 1851 he wrote two sublime poems of patriotic inspiration, Estoy en Carcel and Al Congreso Granadino, breathing a fervor which gained him the title "Giant of the Andes." In 1853 he visited New York, and from 1855 he commanded the army of the constitutional party of New Granada and defeated the revolutionists in a number of engagements. He was assassinated Nov. 12, 1862, in the pass of Berruecos and his death made possible the success of the revolutionists and the establishment of the United States of Colombia. ARBOR DAY. What is known as "Arbor Day" in the United States is a day especially set apart for the planting of trees and shrubs by school children and others. In many cases whole districts have been completely transformed by these efforts, and the interest is yearly increasing. In Canada the first Friday in May has been constituted "Arbor Day" for the whole Dominion, but in the United States, owing to the wide range of climate and the consequent difference in the seasons, various days are named in the different states and territories. ARBOR-VITE. See ANATOMY, Vol. I, p. 872. ARBROATH FLAGS. See GEOLOGY, Vol. X, PP. 343, 344. ARBUTUS, a genus of dicotyledonous plants of the family Ericacea. They are evergreen shrubs, and occur in North America and southern Europe. A. Unedo is the "strawberry tree," with red and yellow berries; A. Menziesii is the "madroño" of the Pacific Slope, while "manzanita" and "bearberry," formerly included in this genus, are now placed in a closely allied genus, Arctostaphylos. The "trailing arbutus, or "Mayflower, is Epigaa repens, another genus of the same family. 216 ARC ARCHEOLOGY ARC (Lat. arcus, a bow), any part of a curved line. The straight line joining the ends of an arc is its chord, which is always less than the arc itself. Arcs of circles are similar when they subtend equal angles at the centers of their respective circles; and if similar arcs belong to equal circles, the arcs themselves are equal. ARCA, or ARK-SHELL, a genus of bivalve shells and lamellibranch mollusks, the type of the family called Arcide. In the true Arca the hinge is straight, and occupies what at first seems the whole length of the shell, but is in reality its whole breadth, the breadth being greater than the length. ARCACHON, a bathing-place which has grown into importance since 1854, situated on the south side of the Bassin d'Arcachon, 34 miles S. W. of Bordeaux. It has fine broad sands, and the place is sheltered by sand-hills, covered with extensive pine woods, in which game abounds. Arcachon is much frequented in winter by persons with weak lungs. Scientific oyster-culture is practiced here on a large scale. Population, 7,087. ARCADIUS, first emperor of the East (395403, A. D.); born in Spain, A. D. 373; died A. D. 403. His dominion extended from the Adriatic Sea to the river Tigris, and from Scythia to Ethiopia. Afterward Eudoxia, the wife of the emperor, assumed the supremacy. One really great man adorned this period, Chrysostom, who was persecuted by Eudoxia. ARCANI DISCIPLINA, a doctrinal term, first used late in the sixteenth century, and meaning "instruction in the mystery." It denotes a practice of the early Church in the third, fourth, and fifth centuries, by which the privilege of being present at, or of receiving instruction concerning, the sacraments of baptism and the eucharist (and also the rites of confirmation, etc.) was withheld from all persons, whether catechumens or unbelievers, who had not been admitted to full membership. The practice is said to have been founded on the words of our Saviour, "Give not that which is holy unto the dogs ": Matt. vii, 6; and in the spirit of the texts, 1 Cor. iii, 12, and Heb. v, 12-14. ARCANUM. In the middle ages, the Latin word arcanum ("secret") was used of any of the most valued preparations of alchemy, but the title was especially applied, as above, to the highest problems of the science-the discovery of such supposed great secrets of nature as the grand elixir. ARCANUM, a village of Darke County, westcentral Ohio; situated at the crossing of the "Big Four" and Dayton and Union railroads, and in the midst of a fertile tobacco region. Population 1890, 1,134. ARCÉ, MANOEL JOSÉ, a Central American soldier and statesman, first conspicuous in the rebellion of 1811; became, in August, 1825, after the organization of the United States of Central America, the first constitutional president of that republic. His administration was short and turbulent, and he abandoned the office without formal resignation, Feb. 14, 1828. In 1830 he pub | lished a defense of his course, entitled Memoria de la conducta publica y administrativa de Manoel José Arcé durante el periodo de su presidenceia. ARCH, JOSEPH, labor reformer, born at Barford, Warwickshire, England, Nov. 10, 1826; was originally a farm-laborer. He educated himself by laborious night study, and became a primitive Methodist preacher. In 1872 he "began the emancipation of the rural laborers of England," by founding the National Agricultural Laborers' Union, of which he became president, and in whose interest he visited Canada. In 1885, and again in 1892, he was elected to represent the northwest division of Norfolk in the English Parliament. His career is related by E. G. Heath, in The English Peasantry (1874). ARCHEAN PERIOD. See GEOLOGY, Vol. X, pp. 327, 328. ARCHEOLOGY, "the science which deduces the history of man from the relics of the past." See article in Vol. II, pp. 333-368, treating of prehistoric and classical archæology. The former of these divisions reaches down to the era of authentic history, while the latter investigates the results of artistic activity among the Greeks and Romans. It remains to give some account of the archeological researches in progress at the present time. In the United States much attention is being given by universities, learned societies and individuals to the remains of the prehistoric races of America,-notably to the structures of the moundbuilders, the strange pueblos in Arizona and New Mexico, the customs and relics of the Zuñi Indians, and the ruined temples of Old Mexico and Yucatan. Liberal contributions of money and personal effort have, at the same time, been given to the several funds and societies engaged in the archæological explorations of Greece, Egypt, Palestine and Mesopotamia, not only in the United States, but also in Great Britain, France, Germany and other nations. Researches in the department of classical archæology prosecuted in Greece by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens have resulted in the discovery, at Argos, near Mycenæ, of the substructure of the Heræum, or Temple of Juno, from which, in connection with fragments of other portions of the building, a satisfactory idea of its construction and architectural features may be obtained; and at Argos a marble building has been found which is believed to have been the gymnasium. The British School at Athens has recently made excavations at Abæ, in Phocis, but without important results. The work of the French School at Delphi has disclosed a building called the "treasury of the Athenians," which, it is believed, was erected to commemorate the battle of Marathon, and which bears on its inner wall an interesting inscription of a hymn, with the music noted over the words. The German school, by the labors of Dr. Dörpfel, has made discoveries at Athens which modify current ideas of the geography of that city. At Corinth labor has been rewarded by the discovery of a house of the Hel |