ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE-ARCHER lenic period concealed beneath a structure of Byzantine date. It is also claimed that the veritable ruins of ancient Troy have been discovered, near, but not identical with, the six successive cities uncovered by Dr. Schliemann on the historic site. In Egypt a Greek inscription cut in the leg of one of the colossal statues which guard the entrance to the Greek temple at Abu-Simbel, has been found which dates back to 600 B. C., and which records an exploration of the Nile as far up as the second cataract. At Dashur many interesting articles of gold, precious stones, etc., have been found, and in the necropolis of Akhmin lamps with the Christian monogram, and inscribed, "In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit," together with other mementos of early Christians which probably date back to the fourth century, have been exhumed. In Jerusalem an ancient gate has been found which is clearly a part of the earliest wall, and another gate called the "Lepers' " the situation of which was defined in the twelfth century in terms which give a clue to the location of the Holy Sepulcher. The discovery made by Mrs. Lewis in the convent on Mount Sinai, in 1892, of an early Syriac manuscript of the Gospels, is already well known to the civilized world. The union or congress of British archæological societies, which was formed in 1888, has produced good results in directing and systematizing the work in the British Islands; and among the improvements instituted are a photographic survey of England by counties, intended to preserve accurate records of every object of archaeological and scientific interest in the kingdom, and an archæological survey of Britain, which will show upon an accurate map of each county the location of all archæological finds, and the establishment, under various names, of societies for the preservation of ancient landmarks and interesting localities. For detailed information on recent explorations in Assyria by Hilprecht, see NIPPUR, in these Supplements; also the following works: Baldwin's Ancient America; Antiquities of the Southern Indians; Foster's Prehistoric Races of the United States; Brinton's Myths; the Iconographic Encyclopædia; and the reference given at the beginning of this article. ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, THE, was organized in Boston in 1879, with Charles Eliot Norton as president, and has made much progress in archæological research in classic lands as well as in America, notably in Asia Minor, at Assos, where its first explorations were made; at Babylonia,-the expenses of the expedition under Dr. Ward being defrayed by Miss Catherine Lorillard Wolfe, of New York; and in Mexico. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens was established by this society. ARCHEOPTERIX, a fossil bird. See BIRDS, Vol. III, pp. 728, 729. ARCHBALD, a borough of Lackawanna County, northeastern Pennsylvania, on the Delaware and Hudson railroad, 11 miles N. E. of Scran 217 ton. The prosperity of the village is due to rich mines of anthracite coal which are worked in the vicinity. The iron trade is also extensively carried on. Population 1890, 4,032. ARCHDALE, JOHN, came to New England in 1664, and in 1695 was made governor of North Carolina. He was a sagacious and prudent chieftain, and under his administration the province made great progress. He published A New Description of the Fertile and Pleasant Province of Carolina, with a Brief Account of its Discovery, Settling, and Government up to this Time, with Several Remarkable Passages During My Time (1707). ARCHEGONIUM, the female organ of bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms, although usually restricted to the two first-named groups, which are often spoken of, in .-consequence, as archegoni-ve... ates. The organ is very uni-... form in origin and structure, being multicellular and flaskshaped, with a longer or shorter neck, and either free or more or less imbedded in the tissues of the plant. It develops an axial row of cells, the lowest of which is the oösphere, or female gamete, while the others become disorganized and are discharged at maturity from the open canal thus developed. Through this Archegonia of Marneck-canal the spermatozoid, showing: 0, Oösphere; chantia polymorpha, or male gamete, makes its vc, Ventral canal-cell; way to the oösphere. This nc, Neck canal-cells; organ is represented by the ", Neck; v, Venter. oögonium in thallophytes, but (Original.) holds no morphological relation to the "pistil" of flowering plants, as is often stated. See BOTANY, Vol. IV, pp. 157, 158; and MORPHOLOGY, in these Supplements. ARCHEGOSAURUS, a remarkable fossil saurian reptile, found in the coal-measures of Münster-Appel, in Rhenish Bavaria, and supposed by Meyer to be related to the salamanders, although he says "its head might be that of a fish, as well as that of a lizard." There are several species, and Sir Richard Owen regarded them as a link between fishes and reptiles. ARCHENCEPHALA, a name applied to the highest division of the class Mammalia. The group is based upon the preponderant cerebrum, and embraces man. He ARCHER, BRANCH T., Texan revolutionist; born in Virginia in 1790; died in Brazoria County, Texas, Sept. 22, 1856. For many years he was a practicing physician in his native state, and several times a member of the legislature. removed to Texas in 1831; became active in the movements preliminary to the revolution; was a member of the first Texan congress, and later went to Washington, where he became speaker of the House of Representatives, and Secretary of War from 1839 to 1842. 218 ARCHER-ARCHITECTURE ARCHER, JAMES, a Scotch painter; born in | jurist, born in Truro, Nova Scotia, May 3, 1814. Edinburgh, June 10, 1824; removed to London He was educated at Pictou Academy, and admitin 1862; exhibited the following, among other ted to the bar in 1838. He was a member of the pictures: The Last Supper; The Mystic Sword executive council of Nova Scotia from 1856 to Excalibur (one of a series from Tennyson's Morte 1863; was sworn of the privy council in 1867; d'Arthur); Peter the Hermit Preaching the First was secretary of state for the provinces; 1867-68; Crusade; St. Agnes, a Christian Martyr. In 1884. and lieutenant-governor of Manitoba and the he visited the United States and painted portraits northern territories, 1870-73. He was a judge of James G. Blaine and Andrew Carnegie. in equity in 1873, and the same year was appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. served in that capacity for two terms. He was president of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, and a member of the House of Commons of the Dominion. He died Dec. 14, 1892. ARCHER, JOHN, an American statesman and physician, was born in Maryland, June 6, 1741. He made many improvements in medicine; was conspicuous for patriotism during the Revolution, and was for some time a member of Congress. He died in 1810.-STEVENSON ARCHER, his son, who died in Maryland in 1848, was a noted jurist, and chief justice of his native state at the time of his death. He was thrice a member of Congress, and for two years a United States territorial judge in Mississippi. ARCHER, WILLIAM, author, journalist and dramatic critic, was born in Perth, Scotland, in 1856. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple, London, 1883. His translations have made Ibsen's and other Norwegian plays familiar to the English public. A ..... F. He ARCHIBALD, ANDREW WEBSTER, Congregational minister; born April 10, 1851; graduated at Union College, New York, 1872. Settled in Iowa, and since 1888 has been trustee of Iowa College. Author of The Bible Verified. (1890). ARCHICARP, a name applied to the female organ of certain fungi, in which no distinct gamete is differentiated, the undifferentiated cell-contents being fertilized. The archicarp may be unicellular or multicellular. The name is used in distinction from the oögonium, in which the female gamete (oösphere) is distinctly organized. The procarp is a similar organ among the red algæ. ARCHIDAMUS, the name of five Spartan kings. The second of the name invaded Attica during the Peloponnesian war, and died 429 B. C.; the third of the name defended Sparta against Epaminondas, 362 B.C., and assisted the Phocians in the third sacred war, 356-346 B.C. ARCHIMAGUS, a title designating the chief of the Magi, assumed by Darius I, after the massacre of that body. ARCHIMANDRITE (Gr. archi, "chief;" mandra, “a fold," or "a convent "'), the title of the highest order of superiors of convents in the Greek Church. ARCHER-FISH, a name given to certain small East Indian fishes which are said to have the power of projecting drops of water with sure aim at insects, thereby causing them to fall into the water, where they are instantly seized as prey. ARCHESPORIUM, a name used in connection with the development of a multicellular sporangium, and appled to the cell or group of cells, early differentiated, from which the "mothercells" of the spores are developed. In other words, the archesporium represents, in the developing sporangia, the differentiated group of sporogenous Young ovule of cells, as distinct from the sterile Calopogon, showtissues. In its development the ing the arches porium: 4,shaded; archesporium becomes more or integument; less invested and distinctly set F, funiculus. apart from the surrounding tis(Original.) sue by a layer of cells known as the tapetum. In structure and form the archesporium varies in different groups of plants, and has been extensively used in comparative morphology. It may be a solid mass of cells (most liver-nomadic American Indians, or red men, build no worts), or a layer (most mosses), or a row (lycopods), or a single cell (certain ferns, Equisetums and ovules of the seed-plants). I, ARCHETYPE, in philosophy, the synonym of idea; in ordinary matters, a primitive standard or pattern to which similar productions must conform. See SCHOLASTICISM, Vol. XXI, pp. 424, 427. ARCHIAS, AULUS LICINIUS, Grecian poet; born at Antioch; became a Roman citizen; was a friend of Cicero. He died about 40 B.C. ARCHIATER, derivatively, a chief surgeon; often used of the court surgeon. ARCHIBALD, SIR ADAMS GEORGE, Canadian ARCHIMEDES, PRINCIPLE of. See HYDROMECHANICS, Vol. XII, p. 441. ARCHINE. See ARSHIN, in these Supplements. *ARCHITECTURE, AMERICAN. Under the elaborate and greatly extended article in BRITANNICA, Vol. II, pp. 382-475, will be found some account of the architecture of the pre-Columbian races who inhabited this continent, and whose only remains at the present day consist of more or less curious, and often almost cyclopean structures. The permanent structures, and it is thought that the *Copyright, 1896, by The Werner Company. |