238 ARMSTRONG-ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES trine of Slavery (1857); Scriptural Examination of the Doctrine of Baptism (1857); The Theology of Christian Experience (1857), and The Books of Nature and Revelation Collated (1886). ARMSTRONG, GEORGE FRANCIS, Irish poet, was born in the county of Dublin, May 5, 1845. In 1871 he became professor of history and English literature in Queen's College, Cork, and upon the succeeding year received the degree of M.A. from Trinity College, Dublin, in recognition of his " high literary character and attainments." Among his best known writings are Ugone, a Tragedy; Poems, Lyrical and Dramatic; Garland from Greece; and Tragedy of Israel. His brother, EDMUND JOHN (1841-65), a victim of ill health, published a volume of poems, of which the principal one, Ovoca, an Idyllic Poem, gave title to it. ARMSTRONG, GEORGE FREDERICK, English engineer, was born at Doncaster, Yorkshire, May 15, 1842, and was graduated at Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1871, leaving a large private practice in London, he came to McGill University, Montreal, as professor of engineering. In 1876 he accepted the corresponding chair in the Yorkshire College of Science, and has been, by appointment of the crown, regius professor of engineering in the University of Edinburgh since 1885. He has lectured extensively and written many papers on general science subjects. ARMSTRONG, JAMES, Canadian jurist, was born in Berthier, province of Quebec, April 27, 1821. He was admitted to the bar in 1844, and became queen's counsel in 1867; in 1871 he was appointed chief justice of St. Lucia, West Indies, and later of Tobago, West Indies. He returned to Canada in 1882. He has published a treatise on the law of marriage in the province of Quebec, and a treatise on the laws of intestacy in the different provinces and northwest territories of the Dominion; is president of the Montreal and Sorel railway. became aide to General Gates, with the rank of major, and served both in the campaign against Burgoyne and in the South. When the army was disbanded he returned to Carlisle; was made secretary of state, and later adjutant-general of Pennsylvania. In 1787 he was sent to the old Congress; was United States Senator in 1800-04, and in 1804IO was minister to France, acting as minister to Spain after 1806. In 1812 he was commissioned brigadier-general and assigned to the district including the city and harbor of New York, and in 181314 was Secretary of War, but his lack of success in the operations against Canada, and the devastation of Washington City by the British in 1814, made him unpopular, and he was obliged to resign the same year. He published Notices of the War of 1812 (1836); Memoirs of Generals Montgomery and Wayne; Treatise on Agriculture; Treatise on Gardening; Review of General Wilkinson's Memoirs; and Notices of the American Revolution. It was he who wrote the famous Newburg Letters, which appeared anonymously in March, 1783. These complained of the destitute condition of the American army, and urged the payment by Congress of money due the soldiers. They were considered treasonable and untimely. ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL CHAPMAN, American educator, was born of missionary parents at Wailuka, Hawaiian Islands, Jan. 30, 1839, and died at Hampton, Virginia, May 11, 1893. Immediately after his graduation from Williams College in 1862, he entered the Union army and left it in 1865 with rank of brevet brigadier-general. From that time until his death he was principal at the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, and devoted himself to the improvement of the negro race. ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM George, Baron, English inventor, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, March 23, 1810. He did not receive a university education, but early in life showed a strong bent for ARMSTRONG, JOHN, English physician and writer on medicine, was born near Bishop-Wear-engineering, and while a very young man devised mouth, May 8, 1784, and died Dec. 12, 1829. He was educated at Edinburgh, and began his practice in northern England; published, in 1816, a valuable work, Typhus, and in 1818 removed to London, where he established medical schools and built up an extensive practice. ARMSTRONG, JOHN, an American soldier; born in the north of Ireland in 1725; died at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, March 9, 1795. He emigrated to America in 1745, and served with distinction in the war with France in 1755-56. He commanded a successful expedition against the Indians at Kittanning, and was commissioned as a brigadier-general in the Continental army, March 1, 1776; was present at Fort Moultrie, and commanded the Pennsylvania militia at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. In 1778-80, and again in 1787-88, he was a member of Congress from Pennsylvania. ARMSTRONG, JOHN, an American soldier, was born at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Nov. 25, 1758, and died at New Haven, Connecticut, April 19, 1843. In 1775, while a student at Princeton, he enlisted in the Revolutionary army, and was appointed aidede-camp to General Hugh Mercer, and after his death the hydro-electric machine for developing frictional electricity. This invention won him a fellowship in the Royal Society, and his subsequent applications of hydraulic power, and invention of the Armstrong rifled ordnance gun, caused his elevation to the knighthood in 1858. He was created a peer in the Queen's jubilee year, 1887. From 1858 until 1863 he was government engineer of rifled ordnance, and since that time has been at the head of the Elswick Manufacturing Company at Newcastle, one of the largest establishments in Europe. He has been thrice president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and was president of the British Association in 1863. ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. The theory of the government is that all able-bodied males of proper age shall constitute its army, with the President of the United States as their commander-in-chief. All such citizens are liable, in emergencies, to be called upon to do military duty; and all the officers and soldiers are at all times citizens of the country, with all the rights and privileges of the most favored civilian. The standing army, recruited by voluntary enlistment, properly began ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES with the organization of the War Department, Dec. 7, 1789. In 1790 it numbered 1,200 men; in 1791 it was increased to 2,100 men. In 1798 a provisional standing force of 10,000 men was authorized, in view of a war with France, and the next year a provisional increase to the number of 40,000 regulars and as many volunteers was authorized. A fraction of this increase was made, but the danger of war happily passed away, and in 1802 the number was fixed at about the old figure, viz., 10,000 men. During the War of 1812 the army was increased, and a force of 25,000 regulars and 50,000 volunteers was authorized. At the close of the war with England, 1815, the army was reorganized on a peace footing, the force then consisting of 10,000, exclusive of its engineer department. In 1821 the army was again reduced. During the Florida War, lasting from 1835 to 1842, there was another increase, both of regulars and militia. At the beginning of the war with Mexico (May, 1846) the army was 7,244 strong, General Taylor having with him in Texas 3,554 men. During the progress of this war 29,000 regulars were enlisted and 50,000 volunteers were employed. At the close of hostilities the volunteers disbanded and the regular force was reduced to its previous strength. At the breaking out of late Civil War, the legal strength of the regular army was 12,000 men. The first levy for the Union army (dated April 15, 1861) was made for 75,000 men, and was composed of militia organizations from the states. That year the army was increased to 186,000; in 1862, to 637,000; in 1863, to 918,000, and by 1865, to more than 1,000,000. The actual arrivals on the field amounted 239 to 1,135,416 men, of which there were in the regular army 43,014. After the close of the war, the act of July 28, 1866, fixed the rank and file at 75,382; but by successive and speedy reductions its strength was brought down to 2,153 'commissioned officers and 25,000 men. At present (1896) the army consists of 25 regiments of infantry, 10 of cavalry, and 5 of artillery, -a total force of 25,000 men. Each regiment includes 10 companies, each officered by a captain, I first and 1 second lieutenant, and 2 extra lieutenants, who are the adjutant and quartermaster of the regiment. These, with the colonel, lieutenantcolonel and major, complete the officers of an infantry regiment. The cavalry regiment consists of 12 troops, or mounted companies, with 3 officers to the troop, I captain, I first and 1 second lieutenant, and has 3 majors instead of 1. In the artillery the regiment contains 12 companies, or batteries, each being officered by I captain, 2 first lieutenants, and 1 second lieutenant. Consequently, in the artillery regiment there are 26 first lieutenants, allowing 2 for each company and 1 each as adjutant and quartermaster. The field officers consist of a colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and three majors. In each regiment of artillery there are two horsebatteries, the officers of which are changed from time to time with the officers of foot-batteries, so that all may be instructed in this important part of the artillery officer's duties. The other batteries, or companies, are foot-troops, instructed both as infantry soldiers and in the handling of heavy guns in the permanent forts. 240 ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES PAY OF ENLISTED MEN OF THE ARMY, ETC. FIRST ENLISTMENT. FIRST RE-ENLISTMENT.*-$2 EXTRA. Year in each enlistment.. Year of total continuous service...... First Second Third Fourth Fifth First Second Third Fourth Fifth *Subsequent re-enlistments, $1 more. 10 00 Pay of General-Service Clerks and Messengers. ¶ $1,000 per annum. The pay of a man who has ever re-enlisted under the act of August 4, 1854, and who comes into the service again, commences with amount stated in this column; $1 per month to be retained. Not affected by act of May 15, 1872. No pay retained in these cases; but they are entitled to benefits of act of Aug. 4, 1854, for re-enlistment. Enlisted men of this corps are entitled to increased pay for length of service, the same as other enlisted men. Hospital stewards rank with ordnance sergeants, and are entitled to all the allowances of that grade; acting hospital stewards to be detailed from privates of the hospital corps; privates of the hospital corps are entitled to the allowances of a corporal of the arm of service with which they are on duty. -Act March 1, 1887; G. O. 29, A.G. O., 1887. General-service clerk, class 3-- $1,200 per annum. -$60 per month. § Only one veterinary surgeon, at $75 per month, allowed each of the cavalry regiments, from the First to the Sixth regiment, inclusive; two, one at $100 and one at $75 per month, allowed each of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Tenth regiments; the senior in date of appointment entitled to the higher grade.-Decision of Adjutant-General of Dec. 3, 1874. General-service clerks and messengers are not entitled to any additional pay on account of continuous service, nor for a certificate of merit. For the purposes of retirement, they rank as follows: Class 3, with first sergeants of the line; class 2, with sergeants of the line; class 1, with corporals of the line; messengers, with privates of the line.Act July 29, 1886; G. O. 54, A.G O., 1886. ARMY-LIST-ARMY-WORM The maximum military force allowed under existing laws is 2,155 commissioned officers and 25,000 enlisted men. The report of the lieutenant-general of the army exhibits the actual number in service as 2,189 officers and 23,208 enlisted men. The following exhibits the number in each rank of the army: 1. Commissioned officers: Colonels, 70; lieutenant-colonels, 91; majors, 226; captains, 616; adjutants, 40; regimental quartermasters, 40; first lieutenants, 563; second lieutenants, 459; chaplains, 34. 2. The enlisted men embrace 40 sergeant-majors, 40 quartermaster sergeants, 728 musicians, 234 trumpeters, 9 saddler sergeants, 89 ordnance sergeants, 139 hospital stewards, 124 commissary sergeants, 426 first sergeants, 2,172 sergeants, 1,774 corporals, 218 farriers, 141 artificers, 117 saddlers, 102 wagoners, and 16,487 privates. Besides these, there are employed in the signal corps 433 noncommissioned officers and privates; Military Academy, 61 officers and 292 cadets. GENERALS OF THE ARMY. The following is a list of generals who have commanded the army since 1775, with the dates of command as far as can be ascertained from the official records: Major-General George Washington, June 15, 1775, to Dec. 23, 1783. Died 1799. Major-General Henry Knox, Dec. 23, 1783, to June 20, 1784. Died 1806. PRESENT ACTIVE OFFICERS OF THE SERVICE. 241 Nelson A. Miles, Major-General, commanding. Nelson A. Miles, United States Army, Washington, District of Columbia. Thomas H. Ruger, Department of the East, Governor's Island, New York. Wesley Merritt, Department of the Missouri, Adolphus W. Greely, Chief Signal-Officer, Washington, District of Columbia. John R. Brooke, Department of Dakota, St. Paul, Minnesota. J. C. Breckinridge, Inspector-General, Washington, District of Columbia. Richard N. Batchelder, Quartermaster-General Washington, District of Columbia. Daniel W. Flagler, Chief of Ordnance, Washington, District of Columbia. Frank Wheaton, Department of the Colorado, Denver, Colorado. George M. Sternberg, Surgeon-General, Washington, District of Columbia. George D. Ruggles, Adjutant-General, Washington, District of Columbia. Elwell S. Otis, Department of the Columbia, Vancouver Barracks, Washington. Michael R. Morgan, Commissary-General, Wash Lieutenant-Colonel Josiah Harmer, general-in-ington, District of Columbia. chief by brevet, September, 1788, to March, 1791. Died 1813. Major-General Arthur St. Clair, March 4, 1791, to March, 1792. Died 1818. Major-General Anthony Wayne, April 11, 1792, to Dec. 15, 1796. Died 1796. Major-General James Wilkinson, Dec. 15, 1796, to July, 1798. Died 1825. Lieutenant-General George Washington, July 3, 1798, to his death. Died 1799. Major-General James Wilkinson, June, 1800, to January, 1812. Died 1825. Major-General Henry Dearborn, Jan. 27, 1812, to June, 1815. Died 1829. Major-General Jacob Brown, June, 1815, to Feb. 21, 1828. Died 1828. Major-General Alexander Macomb, May 24, 1828, to June, 1841. Died 1841. Major-General Winfield Scott (brevet lieutenantgeneral), June, 1841, to Nov. 1, 1861. Died 1866. Major-General George B. McClellan, Nov. 1, 1861, to March 11, 1862. Died 1885. Major-General Henry W. Halleck, July 11, 1862, to March 12, 1864. Died 1872. Lieutenant-General Ulysses S. Grant, March 12, 1864, to July 25, 1866, and as general to March 4, 1869. Died 1885. General William T. Sherman, March 4, 1869, to Nov. 1, 1883. Died 1891. Lieutenant-General Philip H. Sheridan, Nov. 1, 1883, to Aug. 5, 1888. Died 1888. Lieutenant-General John M. Schofield, Aug. 14, 1888, to Sept. 29, 1895. Major-General Nelson A. Miles, from Oct. 2, 1895. James W. Forsyth, Department of California, San Francisco, California. Guido N. Lieber, Judge-Advocate-General, Washington, District of Columbia. Thaddeus H. Stanton, Paymaster-General, Washson, District of Columbia. Zenas R. Bliss, Department of Texas, San Antonio, Texas. John J. Coppinger, Department of the Platte, Omaha, Nebraska. William P. Craighill, Chief of Engineers, Washington, District of Columbia. See also MILITARY ACADEMY, and WAR, DEPARTMENT OF, in these Supplements, and ARMY, Vol. II, p. 619. ARMY-LIST, an official publication issued by the British War-Office. It contains the names of the commissioned officers of the army, and an enumeration of the regiments and of the officers attached to each. ARMY REGISTER, THE, is published annually by the Secretary of War, in accordance with an act of Congress. It contains lists of the departments, regiments, and commissioned officers, and of the casualties, promotions, deaths, etc., of the United States army. ARMY REGULATIONS, a volume issued by the United States War Department, containing the rules as prescribed by the Articles of War, and other acts of Congress for the management of the army in field and camp. It gives instructions for making official returns to the army bureaus and prescribes all other duties of military routine. ARMY-WORM, the larva of a night-flying moth 242 ARNALDUS ARNHEIM. Same as ARNIM. VILLANOVANUS-ARNOLD (Leucania unipuncta). The perfect insect is plain | born in Paris, Jan. 1, 1766, and died at Goderville, and unadorned in appearance, of a yellowish drab Sept. 16, 1834. His tragedies, Lucretia; Germancolor, with a white spot in the center of its fore icus; and Marius at Minturna, are his best-known wings, and it has a spread of wings of 134 inches. works. The eggs are laid in the spring of the year, between the folded sides of grass-blades, and glued along the creases with a white, glistening and adhesive fluid, which draws the two sides of the blades close around them. The worms hatch out in 10 days. They are dark gray, with three narrow yellowish stripes above and a broader one on each side. When fully grown the army-worm measures from 134 to 2 inches, and is about as thick as a goose-quill. Its chrysalis is of a mahogany-brown color, 3/4 inch in length, and tipped at the end with a short spine. Sometimes army-worms become very numerous and destructive. This occurs at the time when winter wheat is in the milk, and again in August. The easiest way to arrest their ravages is by plowing a double furrow around the field. This furrow must be deep and have the steep side next to the unharmed crop. A ditch with the side toward a field perpendicular is still better. When the worms are collected in the ditch they are covered with straw and burned. ARNALDUS VILLANOVANUS. See ARNAUD, Vol. II, p. 620. ARNAOUTS, ARNAUTS OR ARNAOOTS. See ALBANIA, Vol. I, p. 447; EGYPT, Vol. VII, pp. 760762. ARNIM, HARRY KARL KURT EDUARD, COUNT VON, was born at Moitzelfitz, Pomerania, Oct. 3, 1824, and died at Nice, May 19, 1881. He was Prussian ambassador at Rome from 1864 to 1870, and strongly advocated the cause of the anti-infallibilists during the Vatican Council. He was rewarded with the title of Graf, but as German ambassador to France (1872-74) he incurred Prince Bismarck's disfavor and was prosecuted on the charge of purloining state documents. After his voluntary retirement into exile in 1874, he was sentenced to five years' imprisonment, but had removed beyond the jurisdiction of the German courts. ARNOLD, SIR ARTHUR, English author, was born at Maidstone, May 28, 1833. In 1863 he was appointed assistant commissioner under the Public Works Act, and resided in Lancashire till the end of the cotton famine in 1866. He subsequently spent two years in traveling in southeastern Europe and Africa, and on his return to England in 1868, published a description of his tour under the title From the Levant. For this work the king of Greece bestowed upon him the cross of the Order of the Redeemer. He has been very successful as editor of The Echo, a Liberal journal. In 1880 he was elected member of Parliament from Salford. Among his earlier works are two novels, Ralph, or St. Sepulchre's and St. Stephen's, and Hever Court. He published Social Politics in 1878, and Free Land in 1880. He was elected chairman of the London county council in 1895, and was knighted in June of that year. ARNASON, JÓN, an Icelandic writer, was born at Hof, Aug. 17, 1819, and died at Reykjavik, Nov. 13, 1888. He was educated at the college of Bessestad, at that time the only school in Iceland. He took rank as a thorough student of the history and literature of his country, and in 1849 was made custodian of the national library in Reykjavik; published a number of sketches and a volume of folk-tales, but is best known through his collection of Icelandic nursery tales, Islenzhar Thjodsögur og Efintyri (214, 1801. He had a comvols., 1862-64). ARNAUD, ARSÈNE. See CLARETIE, JULES, in these Supplements. ARNÂULD, ANTOINE, the greatest advocate of his time in France, was born at Paris in 1560, and died there, Dec. 29, 1619. He was descended from an ancient family of Auvergne, which had distinguished itself both in civil and military affairs, and he became, in 1585, procureur-général. He published a work against the Jesuits, and his famous speech of 1594 caused their temporary banishment. He had four distinguished sons, who attached themselves to the Jansenists and Port Royalists. ARNAULD, ROBERT D'ANDILLY, French writer, the eldest son of Antoine Arnauld, the advocate, and the brother of "Le Grand Arnauld," was born at Paris in 1588, and died there, Sept. 27, 1674. He was a person of considerable consequence at the French court, where his influence was ever exerted beneficially. His chief works are translations, as of the Confessions of St. Augustine, and the History of the Jews by Josephus. ARNAULT, VINCENT ANTOINE, French dramatic poet, secretary-general of the Parisian University and perpetual secretary of the French Academy, was ARNOLD, BENEDICT, born in Norwich, Connecticut, Jan. 14, 1741; died in London, England, June BENEDICT ARNOLD. mon-school education, |