AXINITE-AYLMER-GOWING and in the district between it and the Prah, there is considerable gold-mining carried on. See GOLD COAST, Vol. X, p. 755 AXINITE, silicate of alumina with boracic acid, lime, etc., usually occurring in oblique rhomboidal prisms having axlike edges. See MINERALOGY, Vol. XVI, p. 411. AXINOMANCY, an art practiced by the ancient Greeks, especially with the object of detecting the perpetrators of great crimes. An ax poised upon a stake was supposed to move so as to indicate the guilty individual; or the names of those suspected being pronounced, the motion of the ax at a particular name was accepted as a sign of guilt. See DIVINATION, Vol. VII, p. 293. AXIS, a genus of deer, abundant on the banks of the Ganges, but found throughout India and in many islands of the Eastern Archipelago. It was known to the ancients by the name axis. One of its Indian names is chittra, and by British sportsmen in India it is often called the spotted hogdeer, though that name is also given to a rarer species. The axis has a great resemblance in size and coloring to the European fallow-deer. See SPOTTED DEER, Vol. VII, p. 23. AXIS, in botany, a term applied to a longitudinal member, upon which lateral members are borne. The main axis of a terrestrial plant is partly above ground and partly below, the; root being called the descending axis and the stem the ascending axis. The opposite tendencies appear as soon as a seed begins to germinate, the radicle, or root-axis, descending, and the plumule, or stem-axis, ascending toward the light and air. That part of the stem around which the flowers are arranged is called the axis of inflorescence, and sometimes, in describing some kinds of inflorescence, the terms primary axis, secondary axis, etc., are employed. AXIS. (a) Of Revolution. A straight line about which a body or geometrical figure revolves, or may be supposed to revolve. (b) Of Symmetry. A straight line about which a body or geometrical figure is arranged symmetrically. (c) Of a Crystal. A straight line chosen with reference to the arrangement of the faces of the crystal. See MINERALOGY, Systems of Crystals and Laws of Crystallization, Vol. XVI, p. 348. (d) Optic. The direction in a crystal along which light in passing is not doubly refracted. See MINERALOGY, Refraction, Vol. XVII, p. 373. (e) Of a Lens. Any straight line drawn through the optical center of a lens. If the line passes through the center of curvature also, it is called the principal axis. (f) Of a System of Lenses. The straight line with which the axis of the several lenses in an optical instrument are made to coincide, as in the telescope and microscope. AXOLOTL. See SIREDON, Vol. XXII, pp. 96, 97. AXTELL, SAMUEL B., jurist; born Oct. 14, 1819, in Franklin County, Ohio; died in Morristown, New Jersey, Aug. 6, 1891; was a member of Congress from the first California district from 1867 to 1871; was appointed governor of Utah territory in 1874; afterwards was appointed to the 303 same position in New Mexico; from 1882 to 1885 was chief justice of the New Mexico supreme court. AYACUCHO, a city in the department of Ayacucho, south-central Peru, midway between Lima and Cuzco, between the Cordillera of Peru and the western Cordillera; is about 8,000 feet above sea-level; was formerly known as Guamanga, and was founded by Pizarro in 1539; the name was changed in honor of the battle of Ayacucho, Dec. 9, 1824, in which the Spanish troops made their last fight on the American continent, being defeated by the combined forces of Peru and Colombia. The city has a university, and is the seat of a bishopric. Population 1890, 20,000. AYALA, PEDRO LOPEZ DE, Spanish statesman and historian, born at Murcia in 1332; died at Calahorra in 1407; was called "El Viejo" to distinguish him from his son. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Nájera in 1367; was carried to England; upon his return to Spain was appointed grand chancellor to Henry II. He is known as a historian, principally by reason of his History of Castile. AYE-AYE (Chiromys madagascariensis), a quadruped found in Madagascar. See MADAGASCAR, Vol. XV, p. 170; LEMUR, Vol. XIV, p. 443. AYESHAH, AYESHA OR AISHA, Mohammed's favorite wife, born at Medina, A. D. 610 or 611; died there about 678. She was only nine years of age when she was married to the prophet. Ayeshah was beloved so tenderly by Mohammed that he was wont to say that she should be the first of his wives to whom the gates of paradise would be opened. Mohammedan historians state that to her charms of beauty were added a knowledge of mathematics, rhetoric and music. She was accused of adultery; but Mohammed produced a revelation from heaven to the effect that she was innocent, so he punished her accusers, and made it an article of faith that whoever should not believe in her purity should suffer the pains of hell forever. By request, Mohammed in his last illness was taken to the house of Ayeshah, and there expired in her arms. After Mohammed's death, Ayeshah was active in the plot which deprived Caliph Othman of his power and life, and was leader of a force to resist the accession of Ali. Her forces were defeated by Ali, and she was taken prisoner. Is called by the Moslems "Prophetess" and "Mother of Believers." The name was also that of the mother of BOABDIL the last Moorish king in Spain; q.v. in these Supplements. AYLMER, a town in Elgin County, southwestern Ontario, Dominion of Canada, 12 miles E. of St. Thomas, on the Grand Trunk railway; has a number of small factories, canning and packing establishments, etc.; a collegiate institute and mechanics' institute, with a good library in connection. Population 1891, 2,166. AYLMER-GOWING (MRS.) EMILIA, English dramatist and poet; born at Bath, October, 1846; maiden name was Aylmer-Blake; was married in 1877 to William Gowing, known under the pseudonym of "Walter Gordon.” She was educated 304 AYMAR-AYUNTAMIENTO in Paris, and first attracted attention by her reci- | brought him membership in several foreign medical tations in French under the tutorship of Lamar- societies. Wesleyan University conferred the detine; her first story was Leon de Beaumanoir, a gree of doctor of laws upon him in 1856. In 1857 Breton tale, written in blank verse; she next pro- he became professor of surgery in the Long duced the dramas, A Life Race and A Crown for Island Medical College, filling this chair until Love, both performed in London with success; her 1875, when he was made professor emeritus. In Ballads and Poems, and the novels The Jewel Rep- the summer of 1889 he gave $25,000 in money, utation and An Unruly Spirit, are among her most and land of equal value, for the endowment of popular later works. the chair of biology at Wesleyan. At the semiannual meeting of the trustees of Wesleyan University held Dec. 13, 1889, Dr. Ayres presented to the board cash and approved securities to the amount of $250,000, accompanying the gift with no restrictions, save that the money be devoted to the promotion of scientific study in the university. AYMAR OR AYMAR-VERNAY, JACQUES, an impostor in the art of divination; born in France in 1662. In 1692 a murder and robbery were committed in Lyons, and Aymar was called upon to detect the perpetrators. In some manner he succeeded in discovering one of the criminals. He was then called upon to go to Paris to exhibit his powers before the Prince de Condé, but, utterly failing in his attempts, he was forced to confess himself an impostor, and was sent back in disgrace. AYMARAS, a race of partially civilized South American Indians, closely related to the Quichuas, or Inca people, whom they resemble in appearance and somewhat in language. The two races formed the chief population of the ancient Peruvian empire, the Aymaras inhabiting the fertile valleys of the Andes. They were skillful in architecture, many of their monuments still remaining. They were also expert workers in gold and silver. As sun-worshipers they claimed Lake Titicaca as the ancient center of their religion, believing that the orb periodically disappeared, and that after an interval of darkness it again emerged from the sacred Isle of that lake. At the present time the Aymaras number about 200,000, located in the provinces of La Paz and Oruro, in Bolivia, and in the Peruvian province of Puno. They are small of stature, have brown complexions, regular and strongly marked features, and straight black hair. They are now zealous Roman Catholics, though still retaining certain heathen observances. They cherish the memory of their ancient empire, and hope for future independence. In 1780, together with the other Peruvian Indians, they revolted and massacred thousands of the Spaniards, and during the war of the provinces for independence they opposed both parties and gave much trouble. See BOLIVIA, Vol. IV, p. 15; PERU, Vol. XVIII, p. 676; RELIGIONS, Vol. XX, p. 364. AYMESTRY LIMESTONE, a well-marked horizon in the Ludow group of the Silurian system. See GEOLOGY, Vol. X, p. 336. AYMON, FOUR SONS OF. See ROMANCE, Vol. XX, p. 652. AYORA, a town of the province of Valencia, southeast Spain. The inhabitants chiefly are engaged in agriculture and oil-making. Population 1890, 4,935. AYRES, DANIEL, an American surgeon and philanthropist; born in Jamaica, Long Island, New York, Oct. 22, 1822; died in Brooklyn, New York, Jan. 18, 1892; studied at Wesleyan College, Connecticut, and at Princeton, from 1838 to 1841. Three years later he began the practice of medicine in Brooklyn. His professional services AYRES, ROMEYN BECK, an American soldier, born at East Creek, New York, Dec. 20, 1825; died at Fort Hamilton, New York, Dec. 4, 1888; graduated at West Point in 1847; served during the final operations of the war with Mexico as brevet second lieutenant. From the close of the Mexi can War until the opening of the Civil War he was engaged in garrison duty, first as second lieutenant and later as first lieutenant of the Third artillery. On the breaking out of hostilities in 1861, he was promoted to a captaincy in the Fifth artillery, and was engaged at Blackburn's Ford, July 18th, and three days afterward at Bull Run. He became chief of artillery and participated in the Peninsular and Maryland campaigns. At Chancellorsville he commanded a brigade in the fifth corps, and at Gettysburg, and afterward throughout the war a division of the same corps. He was breveted major for his gallantry at Gettysburg, lieutenant-colonel for bravery in the Wilderness campaign, colonel for his action at the battle on the Weldon railroad, brigadiergeneral for his action at Five Forks, and majorgeneral for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. After the war he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Twenty-eighth infantry, but was transferred to the Third artillery in 1870, and became colonel of the Second in 1879. AYRTON, WILLIAM EDWARD, English scientist; born at London in 1847; entered the government Indian telegraph service immediately after graduation; was professor of natural philosophy and telegraphy at the Imperial College of Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, from 1872-79; was appointed professor of applied physics at the City and Guilds of London Technical College in 1879; and in 1884 chief professor at the Central Institution, South Kensington. His discoveries in applied electricity have been of great service, chief among these being the system of automatic electric transport called "telpherage." Among his writings are Electricity as a Motive Power, Practical Electricity, and in conjunction with Prof. J. Perry, Contact Theory of Voltaic Action. He was made a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1892 was elected president of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. AYUNTAMIENTO, the council or governing AZAMGARH-AZURINE 305 AZOIC, a term applied, in geology, to rocks formed prior to the period of organized life. See GEOLOGY, Vol. X, pp. 327, 329. body of towns in Spain. It sprang from a similar | been discovered acid-yellow, anizol-red, benzo institution of the ancient Romans, and became purpurin, Bielrich-scarlet, crocein-scarlet, azofirmly established during the long struggles be- blue, etc. The two scarlets mentioned belong to tween the Spanish Christians and the Moors; the group of secondary azo-colors, the others to especially was it strong when the nobility were the acid azo-colors. The acid azo-colors will dye no longer excluded from it. Its power began to silk and wool without the use of a mordant. A wane from the accession of the Bourbon king, mordant is necessary to fix them on cotton. The Philip V, and the system was abolished. The secondary colors, on the other hand, take more people, however, remembering their power during readily upon cotton. See TAR, XXIII, p. 59. the time of its importance, in the Cortes of 1812 at Cadiz demanded the re-establishment of its more important features. Again, on the return of Ferdinand II, it was abolished; but it was re- AZOTIZED BODIES, those substances which stored in 1823, and confirmed by the constitution contain azote or nitrogen as one of their conof 1837. In 1844 a law was enacted depriving stituents, and which form part of the living structhe ayuntamiento of its political power, which ture of a plant or animal, or are produced during consisted in the privilege of making up the lists the natural decay. The principal members of the of electors and jurors, organizing the national group are albumen, present in white of eggs and guard and controlling the police. It is now per- the juices of plants and animals; globulin or crysmitted to deal with municipal matters alone. Its tallin, a variety of albumen found in the lens of presiding officer is known as the alcalde, who is the eye; vitellin, another variety of albumen, comelected by the people. The government can posing the greater bulk of the yolk of the egg; annul its acts, but the Cortes alone can dissolve it. paralbumen, a third variety of albumen, found in AZAMGARH OR AZAM'S FORT, a city in the the animal system during certain diseases; fibrin, northwest of India. See AZIMGARH, Vol. III, which occurs largely in the seeds of cereals and in pp. 168, 169. animal muscle; casein (or cheese-matter), present in all milk; legumin, a variety of casein found in peas, beans and leguminous seeds in general; gelatin, which is present in the skin, bones and other parts of animals; chondrin, a variety of gelatin obtainable from the cornea of the eye and the permanent cartilages; isinglass, another variety of gelatin, manufactured from the inner membrane of the floating bladder of sturgeons and other fishes; glue and size, which are secondary forms of gelatin; urea, uric acid and hippuric acid, which are present in the urine of the higher animals; creatine and creatinine, occurring in the juice of flesh; several forms of urinary calculi, which are found as stone in the bladder; and a very large and important class of alkaloids, including strychnin, morphin, quinin, etc. AZANI, AZANION OR AIZANI, an ancient city of Asia Minor, in the province of Phrygia, on the river Rhyndacus, 73 miles S. W. of Brusa and 20 miles S. W. of the ancient Cotyæium, now Kintayah. Many ruins are found there, principal | among them being a temple and a theater, the latter nearly 14 rods in diameter. AZAZEL, a name occurring in Lev. xvi, in the account of the rites of the day of atonement. See DEVIL, Vol. VII, p. 137. AZELAIC ACID (chem. C'HO*), formed along with suberic acid by oxidizing castor-oil. It is soluble in cold ether and in boiling water. It forms large white needle-crystals, which melt at 106°. By heating with caustic baryta, it yields heptane (C'H1). Called also anchoic acid and lepargylic acid. AZEVEDO, MANOEL ANTONIO ALVARES de, Brazilian poet; born at Paolo, Sept. 12, 1831; died April 25, 1852. He was educated as a lawyer. A collection of his poems, with a memoir, was published by his father in 1862, and revealed a lyric genius full of fire, idealism, and melancholy. AZHAR, a mosque and college in Cairo. EGYPT, Vol. VII, p. 785. See AZIMUTH, the angle a vertical plane touching a heavenly body makes with the meridian plane. See GEOGRAPHY, Vol. X, p. 198. For the azimuth compass, see COMPASS, Vol. VI, p. 225. AZO-COLORS, dyestuffs obtained by the action of azobenzene with some of the phenol or naphthol compounds. All aromatic compounds containing the group NH2 may be converted into azo-compounds, or, more strictly speaking, diazo-compounds. There are many varieties, and shades of each variety, of azo-colors. At first there were but three: Bismarck-brown; aniline-yellow; and chrysoïdine, a yellow. Recently there have AZRAEL, in Moslem mythology, is called the 'Angel of Death." It is he who separates the soul from the body. He is sent by Allah, and executes his commissions. No idea of degradation is attached to him in the Moslem mind. He seems rather to have been identified with fate, without any special malignity inherent in his nature. Azrael, Gabriel, Michael and Israfel form the group of the four highest angelic beings who surround the throne of God. AZUAY, province of Ecuador, lies just north of Loja, the farthest south of the provinces; its capital is Cuenca, which ranks third among the cities of Ecuador. The province is 644 miles long and 276 miles wide; is on the east slope of the Andes. Population 1889, 133,000. AZUAGA, a town in the province of Badajoz, southern Spain; 37 miles N. E. of Seville and 20 miles E. of Llerena. Population 1887, 8,253. AZURINE, a fresh-water fish of Europe, said to be a variety of the rudd or red-eye (Scardinius erythrophthalmus). It is commonly called the blue roach. 306 AZURITE-AZYMITES AZURITE, a name given to the mineral commonly called lazulite and lapis lazuli. See MALACHITE, Vol. XV, p. 315; MINERALOGY, Vol. XVI, p. 399. AZYMITES, by this term the Greek schismatics designate Christians of the Latin Church, because the latter use unleavened bread in the administration of the Eucharist. In the Western Church the point has never been regarded as being of much importance. The propriety of using or not using leaven turns upon the question whether in instituting the Lord's Supper leavened or unleavened bread was used. The Council of Florence, in 1439, decided there was no sacramental difference. This decision, however, did not stop the discussion, and the difference has entered strongly into some church polemics. B BABA-BABCOCK BABA, a Turkish Word papa, in the first efforts dium. ABA, a Turkish word signifying father, origi- | June 18, 1874. For 31 years he edited the Palla of children to speak. In Persia and Turkey it is prefixed as a title of honor to the names of ecclesiastics of distinction, and is applied particularly to the patriarch of Alexandria. The Anglo-Indians use the word as a term of endearment for a young male child, in a sense similar to the English "baby." BABA, a legendary being known among the ancient Slavs as the thunder-witch, and supposed to be the Devil's grandmother. She was represented as a vicious little old woman, having knotted hair, a very large nose and sharp, protruding teeth, and being borne swiftly through the clouds in an iron mortar. The modern Czechs call her the Iron or the Golden Baba. BABA CAPE, a bold, rocky headland near the western extremity of Asia Minor, in lat. 30° 29′ N., long. 24° 6' E.; about 12 miles from the northern extremity of Mitylene, at the entrance of the Gulf of Adramyttium. BABAHOYO OR BODEGAS, a town, the capital of the province of Los Rios, western Ecuador, South America, on the Guayas River, 20 miles from Guayaquil. In warehouses here are stored goods which have been sent from Guayaquil, and are to be carried into the interior. The place is famous as a depot for this carrying trade. Population 1890, 2,000. BABBITT, ISAAC, inventor; born at Taunton, Massachusetts, July 26, 1799; died at Somerville, Massachusetts, May 26, 1862. Being a goldsmith, his attention was turned to alloys, and he produced the first Britannia-ware made in America. His name is best known, however, from his invention in 1839 of "Babbitt metal,' a soft alloy prepared from copper, tin and zinc, and used in bearings to diminish friction. The invention was patented in England and Russia. Congress awarded the inventor $20,000, and in 1846 a gold medal was given him by the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association. He became insane and was confined in an asylum at Somerville, Massachusetts, dying there. See ANTIMONY, Vol. II, p. 179. BABCOCK, CHARLES A., an American naval officer; born in New York, June 12, 1833; died in New Orleans, June 29, 1876; was appointed midshipman in 1850; became lieutenant in 1859; was lieutenant-commander in 1862, and commander in 1869. He was with the North Atlantic blockade squadron from 1862 to 1864; was afterward fleet-captain of the Mississippi squadron. The ordnance barracks erected in 1865 at Jefferson City, Missouri, were built under his supervision. In 1868-69 he was with the South Pacific squadron. BABCOCK, JAMES F., journalist and politician; born in Connecticut in 1809; died in New Haven, 307 He was collector of the port of New Haven under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, and was elected by the Democrats in 1873 to the state legislature, and by that body was made judge of the police court in 1874. He was a strong leader in the Whig party, being said at one time to have controlled the nominations of that party. He became a Free-Soiler and supporter of the Union policy during the war. He was a Republican until the rupture between that party and President Johnson, when he went over to the Democrats, by whom he was nominated for Congress, but was defeated by the Republicans. BABCOCK, JAMES FRANCIS, chemist; born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1844. He was professor of chemistry in Boston University for five years, and in the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy. For 10 years he was state assayer of liquors. He published reports on foods and on sanitary topics, and invented a fire-extinguisher that has come into general use. Died July 20, 1897. BABCOCK, ORVILLE E., soldier; born in Franklin, Vermont, Dec. 25, 1835; drowned June 2, 1884, at Mosquito Inlet, Florida; graduated at West Point in 1861; participated in the battles of Vicksburg and Blue Lick Springs, and at the siege of Knoxville. Promoted from captain of engineers to lieutenant-colonel, he was placed on the staff of General Grant, and subsequently served with the Army of the Potomac. At the close of the war he was breveted brigadier-general of volunteers, and then colonel in the regular army, still serving on the staff of the general of the army When General Grant became President, Colonel Babcock was assigned to duty with him and was his secretary. As superintending engineer of public buildings and grounds he supervised many prominent works, among them constructive work on the Washington aqueduct, the Potomac chainbridge, and the east wing of the state, war, and navy departments building. Being accused of complicity in revenue frauds, and indicted by the grand jury of St. Louis in 1876, he was tried and acquitted. BABCOCK, RUFUS, a Baptist clergyman; born in North Colebrook, Connecticut, Sept. 18, 1798; died in Salem, Massachusetts, May 4, 1875. He was tutor in Columbia College, president of Waterville College, three times elected corresponding secretary of the American and Foreign Bible Society, corresponding secretary of the Sunday School Union of Philadelphia, and of the American Colonization Society, and district secretary of the Baptist Publication Society, Philadelphia. He did much pastoral and literary work. his books are Claims of Education Societies; Making Light of Christ; and a History of Waterville College. BABCOCK, STEPHEN MOULTON, agricultural Among |