ADAM, GRAEME MERCER, editor and author, was born May 25, 1839, near Edinburgh, Scotland; educated at Portobello and Edinburgh; came to Toronto, Canada, in 1858, as a publisher of books; in 1878 devoted himself to literature; founded the Canada Educational Monthly; editor (1880) of Canadian Monthly, which, with Goldwin Smith, he founded eight years earlier; was in New York for some time as a publisher's editor in 1876 and 1883; in 1892 made that city his residence; in 1896 removed to Chicago and became editor of the Self Culture magazine; served as major of militia in repelling the Fenian invasion of Ontario in 1866; author or reviser of text-books on history and language; of Justin McCarthy's History of Our Own Times; of Scenic America, and People's History of the United States; author of a history of the Canadian Northwest; Life of Sir John A. Macdonald; Precis of the History of England; with Miss Wetherald, of An Algonquin Maiden, a romance of early Canada; a History of Canadian Literature, and of a score of minor publications.

ADAM, JEAN, a Scottish poetess; born near Greenock in 1710, and died in the poorhouse at Glasgow in 1765. Her Poems (1734) were of a religious character, and in the Tate and Brady strain. The authorship of There's Nae Luck Aboot the House is ascribed to her, but more probably it was written by Mickle.

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ADAM, LAMBERT SEGISBERT, was a noted sculptor; born at Nancy, France, in 1700; died, in 1759. Fourteen years before his death he became professor in the Paris Royal Academy, and the garden of Versailles now contains some of his best statuary. NICHOLAS SEBASTIEN, brother of Lambert, born at Nancy, 1705, died 1778, was also a master in the art. of his productions is entitled Prometheus Bound. ADAMANT, a term now used to signify any substance of exceptional hardness. The use is more in a figurative and poetical sense than in actuality. Among the ancients the term was used to describe a mythical stone of marvelous hardness, which, as the fable grew, was also endued with magnetic properties. Theophrastus called the emery-stone of Naxos, in his day the hardest known substance, by this name. Corundum is now but rarely called adamant. ADAMS. The name of a village in Adams township, Berkshire County, in the northwest part of the state of Massachusetts, 47 miles from Springfield. It is on the Pittsfield branch of the Boston and Albany railroad, in the midst of the sylvan beauties of the Berkshire hills. Near the village, Mount Greylock, the highest point in the state, rises to an altitude of 3,600 feet. The district is drained by the Hoosac River, and supplied with water-power from its rapid stream. The chief industry is the manufacture of textile fabrics. Population 1890, 9,213.

ADAMS, a town in Jefferson County, in the northcrn portion of New York state, is situated 156 miles W.N.W. of Albany, and 40 miles N.E. of Oswego. It is a manufacturing town, containing tanneries and carriage manufactories, also a foundry, a malthouse, a sash and blind factory, and a cabinet-shop.

The

ADAMS, ABIGAIL SMITH, the wife of President John Adams, and mother of John Quincy Adams, was the daughter of Rev. William Smith, of Weymouth, Massachusetts, where she was born, Nov. 23, 1744. By her mother, also, she was of sturdy Puritan stock. Her childhood and youth, owing to a delicate physical constitution, gave little promise of the remarkable woman that she was destined to

ABIGAIL SMITH ADAMS.

become. In 1764 she married John Adams; and in 1784-85 accompanied her husband to France and England. In London, as the wife of the minister of the United States, at a period when the loss of the colonies still rankled in the minds of the Tories, she experienced with patient dignity thinly veiled hostility and open sneers. Returning to the United States, she resided with her husband at the seat of government for twelve years, whence she returned to Braintree. Her letters, published by her grandson, Charles Francis Adams, in 1840, contain a graphic portrayal of eighteenth century manners. She died at Quincy, Massachusetts, Oct. 28, 1818.

ADAMS, ALVIN, founder of the Adams Express Company, born at Andover, Vermont, June 6, 1804. Shortly after the first United States express route was started between New York and Boston by William Harnden, Mr. Adams withdrew from the produce business, into which he had entered at Boston, about 1837, and started an opposition route. After spending three years alone in this business, he was joined by Ephraim Farnsworth. The business rapidly increased, and extended over a large tract of the Union. The California express was started in 1850, and in that year the firm name was changed to Adams Express Company. Mr. Adams died in Watertown, Massachusetts, Sept. 7, 1877.

ADAMS, CHARLES BAKER, an American naturalist and geologist, was born at Dorchester, Massachusetts, Jan. 11, 1814. He graduated at Amherst College in 1834, and then studied theology for two years at Andover, Massachusetts. From 1838 to 1847 he was professor of chemistry and natural history in Middlebury College; at the time of his death he was professor of zoology and astronomy at Amherst College, which office he had filled for six years. died in St. Thomas, Danish West Indies, Jan. 19, 1853.

He

ADAMS, CHARLES FOLLEN, an American humorous versifier, was born at Dorchester, Massachusetts, April 21, 1842. While serving in the Thirteenth Massachusetts Infantry in the Civil War, he was wounded and taken prisoner at Gettysburg. He published Leedle Yawcob Strauss and Other Poems (1878). He contributed much humorous dialect verse to periodicals.

CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS.

ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS, an American statesman, author and diplomatist, son of President John Quincy Adams and grandson of President John Adams, was born in Boston, Ang. 18, 1807. At two he was taken abroad and spent his early years in Russia and England, where his father was United States minister, and graduated at Harvard in 1825. He studied law in the office of Daniel Webster, and was admitted to the bar in 1828. From 1831 to 1836 Mr. Adams served in the Massachusetts legislature as a Whig, but after this he adopted the tenets of the Free-Soil party. In 1848 this party, in convention at Buffalo, nominated Mr. Adams for Vice-President of the United States, with Martin Van Buren for President, but both failed of election. In 1858 Mr. Adams was elected to Congress from the third district of Massachusetts as a Republican, and in 1860 he was re-elected. In 1861, he was sent as minister to England, where he remained seven years. His duties at this period were more onerous than those of his father in the same office half a century before. The Trent affair and the Alabama question were among those he had to face, and his firmness and self-control in those trying times were admirably displayed. In 1872 the liberal Republicans considered his name as a candidate for the Presidency, but the barren honor fell to Horace Greeley. He was an arbitrator of the Alabama claims, 1871-72, and was president of the board of overseers of Harvard College for several years. Mr. Adams has an equal claim to the gratitude of his country for the memoirs of his illustrious parents and grandparents, edited by him from 1850-1877. He died in Boston, Nov. 21, 1886.

ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS, JR., second son of Charles Francis Adams, was born in Boston, May 27, 1835; graduated at Harvard in 1856, and was admitted to the bar in 1858. He entered the volunteer service at the beginning of the war and was mustered out in July, 1868, as brevet brigadiergeneral of volunteers. In 1869 he was appointed on the board of railroad commissioners for Massachusetts, and in 1884 became president of the Union Pacific railway. He has published Chapters of Erie, and Other Essays, and a volume dealing with railroad accidents and their causes. In 1882 he was made a member of the board of overseers of Harvard University.

ADAMS, CHARLES KENDALL, was born at Derby, Vermont, Jan. 24, 1835, and was educated at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, where he graduated in 1861. He served for many years as professor of history in that institution, and in 1881 obtained a like position at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. In 1885 he became president of that university. This position he resigned in May, 1892, and became president of the Wisconsin University

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at Madison. Among his works are a Manual of Historical Literature; Democracy and Monarchy in France, and other aids to study.

ADAMS, DANIEL, M.D., an American educational author, was born at Townsend, Massachusetts, Sept. 29, 1773; was a graduate at Dartmouth, 1797. He took an active interest in the political affairs of New Hampshire; was well known as an editor and physician, and also became popular as an educator; he published a number of school books, among which was a useful textbook on arithmetic. He died at Keene, New Hampshire, June 8, 1864.

ADAMS, EDWIN, an American light comedian; born at Medford, Massachusetts, Feb. 3, 1834. His first success on the stage was at the National Theatre in Boston, in the part of Stephen in Sheridan Knowles's Hunchback. Most of his engagements were in the East, among others his appearance as Mercutio at the opening of Booth's Theatre. His favorite and most successful roles were the characters of Iago, Claude Melnotte and Enoch Arden. Mr. Adams appeared in Shakespearean roles with Edwin Booth in 1869-70, visited Australia, and soon after retired on account of ill health. He died in Philadelphia, Oct. 25, 1877

ADAMS, GEORGE EVERETT, American Congressman, born at Keene, New Hampshire, June 18, 1840. He graduated at Harvard in 1860; studied at the Dane Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and then practiced. He was elected to the Illinois state senate in 1880. Two years later he became a member of the Forty-eighth Congress, and was re-elected for the three succeeding terms.

ADAMS, HANNAH, an American authoress; born at Medfield, Massachusetts, in 1755. She was probably the first woman in America who took to authorship as a means of livelihood. Her pen was fertile in religious and historic works, of which A View of Religious Opinions (1784) is the one with which her name is more generally associated at the present day. Simple to a degree in habits, and circumscribed as her travels were to points within a radius of 10 miles of her native village, she yet made many friends. She died at Brookline, Massachusetts, Nov. 15, 1832, and hers was the first body interred in Mount Auburn cemetery.

ADAMS, HENRY, an American political essayist, third son of Charles Francis Adams; born in Boston, Massachusetts, Feb. 16, 1838; graduated at Harvard, and as private secretary accompanied his father's mission to England in 1861. On his return, and for several years, he was an instructor at Harvard, From 1870 to 1876 he edited The North American Review. He is the author of numerous books and essays, among which are Historical Essays (1871); Life of Albert Gallatin (1879); and A History of the United States, 9 vols., (1891).

ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER, an American historian and educator; born at Amherst, Massachusetts, April 16, 1850; educated at Amherst and Heidelberg; appointed, in 1876, fellow of history at Johns Hopkins University, he was successively associate in history, associate professor and university professor. He became historical lecturer at Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, in 1878, and at Chau

Andover Seminary. He began his ministry in the First Church of Cambridge, and in 1834 became pastor of the Essex Street Church, Boston, a relation terminating only with his life. He was a prominent figure in the theological controversies of his time, and was an ardent advocate of slavery in the South. His book, South Side View of Slavery (1854), provoked intense discussion and condemnation from the anti-slavery element, as did also his later volume, A Sable Cloud (1863). Among his other books are The Cross in the Cell; Scriptural Argument for Endless Punishment; Life of John Eliot. He was a man of eloquence and scholarly attainments. Died in Boston, Oct. 6, 1878.

ADAMS, SAMUEL, an American military surgeon, was born in Maine. He was distinguished for bravery and efficiency in hospital and field service during the Civil War, and rose to be medical inspector of the Ninth Corps. One notable instance of his intrepidity was his dressing the wounds of General Porter while under severe fire. He died of yellow fever in Galveston, Texas, Sept. 9, 1867, while endeavoring to stay the ravages of an epidemic there.

ADAMS, SETH, an American inventor and manufacturer; born in Rochester, New Hampshire, April 13, 1807. After an apprenticeship in a cabinetmaker's store, he proceeded to Boston and worked in a machine-shop. This training was of material assistance to him when, a few years later, he established himself in the business of manufacturing machinery, and in 1833, when he co-operated with his brother Isaac in improving and manufacturing the latter's newly invented printing-press. Increasing and enlarging his plant as the commercial demand for the Adams press increased, he accumulated a handsome fortune. Bowdoin College was one of the principal objects of his philanthropy, and figured largely in the beneficial provisions of his will. He also founded the Adams Nervine Asylum for the treatment of hypochondriacs. He died at Newton, Massachusetts, Dec. 7, 1873.

ADAMS, THOMAS, an eloquent English and Puritan preacher, of whose personal history few details are precisely known. From 1612 till about 1653 he held charges in Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire and London. His published works consist of collections of sermons (1618) and a commentary on the Second Epistle of St. Peter (1633).

ADAMS, WILLIAM, an English clergyman and writer of devotional works; born in 1814; was author of The Shadow of the Cross (1842), and other sacred allegories. He died at Bonchurch, in the Isle of Wight, 1848.

ADAMS, WILLIAM, an English surgeon; born in London, Feb. 1, 1820. Early in his professional career he was appointed demonstrator of morbid anatomy at St. Thomas's Hospital, London. After holding various other important professional positions and appointments, he was elected, in 1867, vice-president of the Pathological Society. The The Harveian Society, in 1873, honored him with its presidency, a like dignity being conferred by the London Medical Society at its annual meeting in 1876. Dr. Adams is the author of several medical

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works of standard authority in the various branches of higher and modern surgery.

ADAMS, WILLIAM, an American Presbyterian clergyman; born at Colchester, Connecticut, Jan. 25, 1807. He graduated at Yale in 1827, studied theology at Andover, and was ordained pastor of the Congregational Church in Brighton, Massachusetts, in 1831. He took charge of the Central Presbyterian Church, in New York City, in 1834, and became moderator of the new-school General Assembly at Washington in 1852. In 1853 he became pastor of the Madison Square Presbyterian Church, and from 1873 until his death he presided over the Union Theological Seminary in New York City. He contributed numerous articles to various religious magazines and wrote several devout books. He died at Orange Mountain, New Jersey, Aug. 31, 1880.

WILLIAM ADAMS.

ADAMS, WILLIAM FORBES, the pioneer missionary bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the territories of Arizona and New Mexico; born in Ireland, Jan. 2, 1833, he came to America at the age of eight years. At first he studied law and was admitted to the Mississippi bar. Ordained deacon in 1859, and priest in the following year, he became rector of St. Paul's Church, New Orleans. Consecrated a bishop in 1875, he resigned the arduous missionary duties of his see in 1877 on account of ill health. In 1887 he was translated to the bishopric of Easton, in Maryland.

ADAMS, WILLIAM TAYLOR (Oliver Optic"), an American author, born in Medway, Massachusetts, July 30, 1822. He was for 20 years a teacher in the public schools of Boston, for 14 years a member of the school committee of Dorchester, and for one year a member of the legislature. He wrote numerous novels for young people, two for older readers, and many newspaper stories. Died March 27, 1897.

ADAMS-ACTON, JOHN, an English sculptor; born at Acton, Middlesex, Dec. 11, 1836. He was admitted to the Royal Academy in 1855, winning the first silver medal in each school and the gold medal for his sculptural composition entitled Eve Supplicating Forgiveness at the Feet of Adam. His works in ideal sculpture and portrait statuary and busts are numerous and valuable.

ADAM'S APPLE (Adami pomum), in botany, the name bestowed by old-time botanists on the plantain tree (Musa paradisiaca), from the popular notion that it was the fruit of "the tree of the knowledge of good and evil," eaten by the progenitors of the human race. A species of the Citrus has also been so called. In anatomy the term is made use of to denote the protuberance of the os hyoides in the front of the human throat. It was fabled to have been produced by the forbidden fruit. See ANATOMY, Vol. I, p. 825.

ADAMSON, JOHN, an English archæologist and

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Portuguese scholar, was born at Gateshead, Sept. 13, 1787. His Memoir of Camoens appeared in 1820, and The History, Antiquities and Literature of Portugal in 1842-46. He died at Newcastle, Sept. 27, 1855.

ADAMSTHAL, a village of Moravia, on the banks of the River Zwittawa, about nine miles N. of the capital city of Brünn. It is a favorite resort for tourists, having in its vicinity the famous RegisKala cavern in the limestone rock.

ADAN, LOUIS ÉMILE, a celebrated French painter; born in Paris, March 26, 1839. He studied at the School of Fine Arts and under Picot and Cabanel, and then went to Italy for further instruction. Commencing to exhibit in 1863, he has achieved marked success, especially with aquarelles. He was awarded the gold medal at the Paris exposition in 1889, and received the decoration of the Legion of Honor in 1892.

vacea.

ADANSONIA, a genus of trees of the family MalLinnæus named it in honor of Adanson, the botanist. Two species are known. One (A. digitata), commonly called baobab tree, or the monkeybread tree, is a native of the tropical portion of West Africa, now introduced in the East and West Indies. It is a very large tree, not attaining a great height, but exceeding all trees in thickness. Its trunk is from 20 to 30 feet in diameter, branches 60 to 70 feet long, and often as thick as stems of large trees, forming a hemispherical head of 120 to 150 feet in diameter. The pulp of the fruit is pleasant to the taste, eaten with or without sugar. The expressed juice, mixed with sugar, is much esteemed as a beverage, very refreshing, effectual in quenching the thirst, and valuable in putrid and pestilential fevers. The other (A. Gregorii) is a native of Australia, and

is known as the cream-of-tartar tree.

ADAR, a month of the Jewish year. See CALENDAR, Vol. IV, pp. 678, 681.

ADEL, the capital of Dallas County, in the southwest-central part of the state of Iowa. It is situated near the Raccoon River, some 22 miles N.N.W. of Des Moines, and is a station on the Des Moines, Northern and Western railroad. Population 1895, 1,081.

ADDEMIRI OR AL-DAMIRI. Vol. VI, p. 794.

See DAMIRI

ADDISCOMBE, a word formerly used to designate the military academy founded in 1809 by the Honorable East India Company of England for the instruction of its cadets. Addiscombe House, a seat of the Earl of Liverpool, situated in the parish of Croydon, Surrey, England, about 10 miles south of London, was purchased for the site of the academy. When the company's forces were replaced by imperial troops on the suppression of the Sepoy mutiny in 1858, Addiscombe, where many noted soldiers had obtained their education, ceased to exist. See ARMY, Vol. II, p. 591.

ADDISON, a town of Steuben County, in the western portion of the state of New York. It is 24 miles W. of Elmira, and on the banks of the Canisteo River. The New York, Lake Erie and Western railroad and the Addison and Pennsylvania railroad have depots in the town, which also is the

seat of Addison Academy and a large union school. Several factories are in operation, and the town is the center of a tobacco-raising district. Population 1890, 2,166.

ADDISON, LANCELOT, an English clergyman and author, father of Joseph Addison (Vol. I, p. 146); born at Crosby Ravensworth, in the county of Westmoreland, England, in 1632. He graduated at Queen's College, Oxford, in 1655, and became a zealous royalist and Episcopalian. Successively chaplain at Dunkirk and Tangier, a royal chaplain, dean of Lichfield, and archdeacon of Coventry, his principal literary works relate to Barbary and Morocco. He died at Lichfield, Staffordshire, April 20, 1703.

ADDISON, THOMAS, physician, was born near Newcastle-on-Tyne, England, in 1793. He received his medical education at Edinburgh, settled in London, and in 1837 became physician to Guy's Hospital. He made a special study of pneumonia and phthisis, and was the discoverer of what has since been known as Addison's disease. He also wrote on the subjects of poisons and diseases of women. He died June 29, 1860.

ADDISON'S DISEASE. See PATHOLOGY, Vol. XVIII, p. 384.

ADDRESS, FORMS OF, are ceremonious terms employed in addressing oral or written communications to persons bearing titles of nobility or honor, or holding offices under constituted authorities. With titles of nobility republican America has but small concern. The Federal constitution provides (art. i, sec. ix, 8) that "no title of nobility shall be granted by the United States. And no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatsoever from any king, prince, or foreign state." As regards alien applicants for the privilege of American citizenship, the provisions of the revised statutes require of those who have borne any hereditary titles or orders of nobility in their native lands express renunciation of the same at the time of declaring their intention of becoming citizens, and before the issuance of first papers.

Still, diplomatic intercourse has brought to Washington, in the train of ambassadors, ministers and attachés, some of the ceremonious surroundings of the Old World. Certain forms of address are therefore customary in addressing persons officially or otherwise distinguished. A list of those in common use follows.

The President of the United States, by custom, is addressed as "His Excellency." In conversation and formal oral addresses, the term "Mr. President" is used by all other than the President's personal friends or intimate acquaintances.

The Vice-President is addressed, in written communications, as "The Honorable, the Vice-President of the United States," or "The Hon. Vice-President of the United States." When acting as the ex officio presiding officer of the Senate the appellation "Mr. President" is made use of by senators.

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Cabinet officials are addressed as The Honor