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able," adding either their names or the official titles of their offices; as, "The Honorable Secretary of," or "The Honorable, the Secretary of."

The justices of the supreme court are addressed by members of the bar practicing before them as "Your Honors." The term "Your Honor" is generally used throughout the United States to address any judicial authority, including justices of the peace. In addressing a written communication to any judge of this court, the rule applying to the Vice-President and members of the Cabinet prevails, as it does also in the cases of lieutenant-governors of states and mayors of cities.

Governors of states and ministers to foreign countries are addressed as "Excellency," the title being sanctioned by usage, with the single exception of the governor of Massachusetts, where, by special statute, the appellation has been made the legal one.

Senators and representatives of the United States, or of the several states, judges of state and Federal courts, and consuls, are entitled to the prefix "Honorable," and their official designation may follow their names.

The forms of address used for church dignitaries vary somewhat with the different denominations. In the Protestant Episcopal Church the bishop is addressed as "The Right Rev."; in the Methodist Church, as "The Rev. Bishop Clergy

men take the title "The Rev.," or simply "Rev.,' adding any collegiate degrees to which they may be entitled. Where the designation is founded on any doctorate degree they may be addressed as "The Rev. Dr. For Roman Catholic usage, see TITLE, in these Supplements. The use of "Esq.," in addressing private gentlemen, although quite common, is open to censure, and "Mr.," preceding the name, is much to be preferred.

Where husband and wife are both addressed, the proper form is to give the title of the former, followed by the word "Mrs.," using the given name or initials of the husband; thus, "His Excellency and Mrs. Grover Cleveland," "The Hon. and Mrs. T. B. Reed."

An improper practice has sprung up in recent years, that of widows of prominent men assuming to themselves the address to which the deceased husband was entitled; thus, "Mrs. Gen. John Smith." The error consists both in using the title and the given name of the husband. The baptismal name, or the initials, of the widow herself should be used; as," Mrs. Mary Smith."

ADELBERT COLLEGE, a college of WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY (q.v., in these Supplements); founded, in 1826, at Hudson, Ohio, under the name of Western Reserve College. In 1828 a theological department was added to the original plan. A medical department was added, with headquarters in Cleveland, in 1843. The college was located at Hudson, in Summit County, some 21 miles southeast of Cleveland, until 1884, when it was transferred to the city of Cleveland, at the same time changing its name and receiving extensive benefactions from Mr. Amasa Stone and the citizens of Cleveland. The curricu

ADELBERT COLLEGE, CLEVELAND, OHIO.

lum includes three distinct courses, classical, modern languages and Latin-English; while to those students who so desire, there are elective courses in chemistry, physics and biology, in the three remarkably excellent laboratories of the college. Possessing real estate, invested funds and apparatus aggregating in value upward of $1,000,000, the college has a corps of II professors and 5 lecturers, under the presidency of Rev. C. F. Thwing. While essentially a Christian institution, the college is in no sense.denominational.

ADELPHIA, the stem, signifying brotherhood, to which are prefixed mon, di, etc., in the Linnæan system of classification, to indicate that the stamens. are collected in one or more bundles.

ADEMPTION, in its most important sense, denotes what is called satisfaction in the law of England; viz., that when a testator is owing a debt, or has promised to pay a provision in a marriage contract, if he gives a legacy to the creditor or person entitled under the contract, that may be taken to extinguish the debt or to discharge the provision. Ademption also means that if a testator bequeaths a specific article or property, and before his death the article or property is destroyed or totally changed in character, either by the act of the testator or otherwise, the legatee gets nothing. Various rules have been stated on the subject of ademption, but the courts endeavor to determine the meaning of the

testator.

ADEN. The importance of Aden as a strategic position and as a coaling-station has gradually increased with the vast traffic through the Suez Canal. The government is administered by an English political resident, who is also the commander of the troops. The principal exports consist of coffee, gums, hides and skins, and tobacco. Its trade is chiefly one of transshipment. Revenue is obtained from duties on liquor, opium, and salt. Over 2,000 vessels of varying tonnage called at the port of Aden in the year 1894-95. As a coaling-station for the Peninsular and Oriental steamers, and as a depot and coalingstation for the vessels of the British navy, the importance of Aden is very great. The authorities have recently begun to restore the wonderful rock

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cisterns to provide a copious water supply for the troops and inhabitants. In 1891 the population (exclusive of troops) was 41,910. See ADEN, Vol. I,

p. 152.

ADENINE. See PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, in these Supplements.

ADENITIS (Gr. aden, a gland) AND ANGIOLEUCITIS (Gr. agenion, a vessel; leukos, white), terms employed in medicine to indicate respectively inflammation of the lymphatic glands and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels. Same as Hodgkin's disease. See PATHOLOGY, Vol. XVIII, p. 377. ADENOCELE (Gr. aden, a gland; kele, a tumor), ADENOMA OR ADENO SARCOMA. See PATHOLOGY, Vol. XVIII, p. 379.

ADEPT, from adeptus, having attained, was formerly applied to those alchemists who professed and were supposed to have discovered "the great secret" of the transmutation of the baser metals into gold. Among theosophists the term is used to signify those students of the occult who have advanced in their researches and studies beyond the stage of pupilage, and especially refers to a select band of nature-students in India who have attained superior wisdom or control of occult forces through knowledge of occult natural laws.

ADET, PIERRE AUGUSTE, a French soldier, scientist and diplomatist; born at Nevers in 1763. Originally in the artillery service, he studied chemistry, and, entering politics, he came to the United States as envoy from the French Directory in 1795; returning abruptly in 1797, alleging that the American government had become guilty of a violation of its neutrality. He died in 1832.

ADHESION, in pathology and botany, a union between two surfaces of a living body which have been, or normally are, separated. In the healing of wounds a cure effected by immediate adhesion of divided surfaces is always rapid and desirable. After injuries to joints, adhesion frequently takes place between the injured structures and those adjoining, causing subsequent stiffness. Adhesion is a frequent consequence of inflammation of serous and synovial membranes.

ADIABENE, the name used by the ancients to designate a small Assyrian province in the valley of the Tigris, not far from the site of Nisibis.

It was

a dependency of Parthia, and fell under the Roman sway in the days of the emperor Trajan. Helen, queen of Adiabene, and her two sons are said to have embraced Judaism about 15 years before the Crucifixion.

ADIANTUM, a large genus of ferns, whose delicacy and beauty of form has made them exceedingly common in cultivation. They are known in a general way as maiden-hair ferns, the common forms of the United States being A. Capillus-Veneris and A. pedatum. The spores are protected by the inrolled leaf margins.

ADIATHERMANCE OR DIATHERMANCE, the ability or aptitude for transmitting rays of heat, observed in various substances. This property can be ascertained by placing the substance in question between the source of heat radiance, such as a lamp-flame and a thermopile or thermometer. Rock

salt has been found to be one of the most diathermanous bodies, transmitting as much as 92.3 per cent of the heat radiation thrown upon it.

ADI-GRANTH, the sacred books of the Sikhs. See HINDUSTANI LITERATURE, Vol. XI, p. 845.

ADIPIC ACID (C'H (COOH)2) is a bibasic acid of the oxalic series, having the general formula, C,H,,(CO2H)2, and is obtained in the form of white opaque, hemispherical nodules (which are probably aggregations of small crystals) by the oxidizing action of nitric acid on oleic acid, suet, spermaceti, and other fatty bodies. It derives its name from the Latin adeps, fat.

ADIRONDACK PARK. With a view to preserving the forests of northern New York, and in so doing to protect the fast disappearing game of that primeval region and to secure for the people resorts famous for their beauty and salubrity, the state legislature in 1892 gave effect to a long-contemplated plan for the preservation and afforestation of the Adirondack plateau.

As early as 1885 legislative enactment of the Empire State had constituted all the lands then owned or thereafter to be acquired by the state of New York, within the counties of Clinton, Delaware, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Lewis, Oneida, Saratoga, St. Lawrence, Warren, Washington, Greene, Ulster and Sullivan as the Forest Preserve, placing the territory, in 1895, under the control of a fisheries, game and forest commission consisting of three members, appointed by the governor of the state. In addition to the care and protection of the state forests, the commission includes within the scope of its duties the protection of all fish and game, the culture and propagation of food-fishes and shell-fishes, the maintenance of fish-hatcheries and the care of oyster-beds in salt-water. The park itself is in charge of a superintendent, assistant superintendent, two inspectors and a few special foresters, all of whom are appointed by and are

answerable to the state commission.

The park, including the lands acquired since 1892, comprises an area exceeding that of the state of Connecticut; 2,807,760 acres, including some million and a half acres of primeval forest, have been preserved for the enjoyment of the people and protected for the benefit of the community. One hundred and eighty-two fire-wardens guard against the ravages of forest fires, and a small army of employees guard against poaching, illegal hunting, and the depredations of timber-thieves, or act as guides for visitors. Excellent work has been done in preserving this vast and natural sanatorium for the use of the invalid and tourist.

The park proper is situated on a vast and extensive plateau, comprising all of Hamilton, and parts of Herkimer, Warren, Essex, Franklin, and St. Lawrence counties, and containing some of the finest and wildest sylvan scenery in the state. On the east Mt. Marcy rears its head to an altitude of 5,379 feet. Eighteen other peaks of the Adirondack range, each over 4,000 feet in height,are in the park. The region of small lakes lies west of the mountains. There are over 1,200 lakes and lakelets, ranging in size from sheets of water 20 miles long to little land

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ADLERSPARRE, GEORGE, COUNT a Swedish | soldier, statesman and critic. Born in Jemtland, March 28, 1760, he took a prominent part in the wars of 1788 and 1808 against Russia. He was active in the deposition of Gustavus IV. He began, in 1830, to publish certain secret documents of state, for which he was convicted and sentenced to pay a fine, which, however, did not stop their continued publication. He was one of the founders of the Swedish Academy and ranked among the leading critics of his day in Sweden. He died in Wermland, Sept. 23, 1835.

ADLERSPARRE, KARL AUGUST, Swedish poet, son of Count George Adlersparre, born June 7, 1810. He wrote under the pen-name of "Albano," and gained a reputation through his historical writings. He died May 5, 1862.

ADMETUS, KING. See EPIRUS, Vol. VIII, p. 484. ADMINISTRATOR, in law, is one who administers; one who is commissioned by a surrogate's, probate, or orphans' court to take charge of the goods, chattels and credits of an intestate. In some of the states his jurisdiction is not limited to personal property, but extends to the realty as well. The duty of an administrator is very similar to that of an executor, and consists generally in collecting and paying debts, and distributing the surplus among the next of kin. The administrator is usually selected from the near relatives of the deceased, although sometimes, when the application for administration is made by creditors, one of the latter receives the appointment. There is, also, in some jurisdictions, a public officer called public administrator, who is authorized to administer the estates of persons dying intestate and leaving no relatives qualified to perform the duties. An administrator is appointed only when the deceased has not named an executor, or having named one, the person named refuses to act, in which case the person appointed is called administrator with the will annexed. An administrator is not personally liable, except for torts or for gross negligence or mismanagement. He must give a bond for the faithful performance of his duties, the amount of which depends upon the value of the assets which come under his control. His compensation is awarded by the court, and depends upon the amount of services required and the value of the estate. See ADMINISTRATOR, Vol. I, p. 154.

ADMIRALTY, is a system of jurisprudence which pertains to and has jurisdiction over controversies, both civil and criminal, arising out of navigation of public waters. It is the maritime law. The time of the introduction of admiralty jurisprudence into England has been fixed at the reign of Edward III. The jurisdiction was exceedingly limited, and the high court of admiralty, erected during that reign, was subject to arbitrary correction by the common-law courts. It was not until the beginning of the nineteenth century that these courts obtained exclusive power over maritime controversies. This branch of jurisprudence is exercised in the United States exclusively by the Federal courts, the court of original jurisdiction being the United States district court. The power of these courts extends to the navigable rivers, the lakes and the sea. A civil suit

is begun by filing a libel, upon which a warrant may issue for the arrest of the person, an attachment of his property if he cannot be found, or simply a monition for him to appear. All captures by right of war, and seizures on water for municipal and revenue forfeitures, are under the jurisdiction of admiralty. The proceedings in admiralty are generally simple and void of technicality. In criminal cases the procedure is similar to that at common law. Legal practitioners who conduct litigation in courts of admiralty are termed proctors. See ADMIRALTY, Vol. I, p. 158.

ADMIRALTY DROITS, a term used to designate the former hereditary revenues of the sovereigns of England or their appointees, the Lords High Admiral. These arose from the proceeds of sales of enemies' ships detained in prospect of war, or coming into port in ignorance of the outbreak of hostilities, or from such ships as were taken by unauthorized captors, the proceeds of wrecks, the goods of all pirates, and the like. These perquisites were formerly claimed by the Lord High Admiral as incidental to his office. By the Merchant Shipping Act of 1854 all droits of admiralty are now placed under the control of the board of trade, the proceeds being paid into the public exchequer. Derelict ships picked up at sea by British vessels, and all property of a similar nature, if not claimed by the rightful owners, now constitute the principal sources of the admiralty droits.

ADOBE (Span. adobar, to plaster), a sun-dried brick, commonly used in Mexico and Central America, and by the Mexican settlers and Pueblo Indians of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and southern California, and in some other countries where the winters are the reverse of severe. Houses built with them are extremely durable, being susceptible only to the action of heavy and continued rains, and the burrowings of insect pests. They by no means conduce to cleanliness, but are cheap, easily and rapidly constructed, and afford agreeable shelter from changes of weather.

ADONAI, a Hebrew name for the Supreme Being; a plural form of adon (lord), combined with the pronoun of the first person. In reading the Scriptures aloud, the Jews pronounce "Adonai" wherever the holy name JHVH is found in the text; and the name Jehovah has arisen out of the consonants of JHVH with the vowel - points of Adonai.

ADONI, a town of India, in the presidency of Madras and district of the Deccan. It is situated on one of the branches of the river Tungebadda, and some 175 miles S. W. of Hyderabad. In 1787 the town was reduced to ruins by the victorious Tippoo Sahib. Adoni is a station on the southern extension of the Indian Trunk railroad, and has a population of 22,723 inhabitants, who are mostly engaged in weaving.

ADONIC VERSE, a species of versification consisting of a dactyl and a spondee or trochee. It is well adapted for gay and lively poetry, is common in Horace and other lyric poets, being generally found with three Sapphic lines preceding it. This is known as the Sapphic meter.

ADONISTS, a name given to those Biblical critics who assert that the Hebrew vowel-points written under the word Jehovah are not the points which properly belong to that word. The Adonists claim that these vowel-points appertain to the words Adonai and Elohim.

ADORNO, ANTONIO, a doge of Genoa, whose troubled and thrice-interrupted rulership, in the latter half of the fourteenth century, is only remarkable for the fact that, by persuading his countrymen to assent to the treaty of 1396, he sold them into vassalage to Charles VI, king of France.

ADRAMYTI OR EDREMID, a town on the west coast of Asia Minor, opposite Mitylene. It is encircled by an olive-growing district, and corresponds to the Adramyttium of the ancients. The town is about three miles inland. Population, 8,000. The name is also applied to an arm of the Ægean Sea.

ADRASTEIA, in mythology, a surname of Nemesis, signifying one who cannot be escaped. Another origin is attributed to the name as derived from Adrastus, who is said to have built the first sanctuary to Nemesis on the river Asopus. The name is also given to a Cretan nymph, the daughter of Melisseus, to whom Rhea is fabled to have intrusted the infant Zeus, or Jupiter, to be reared in the Dictæan grotto.

ADRIAN, the capital of Lenawee County, Michigan. The principal features of Adrian are the handsome and very costly opera-house and the Masonic Temple, each erected at a cost of over one hundred thousand dollars. The principal industries are the manufacture of railroad- cars and street- railroad equipment, furniture, felt and straw goods, and brick and tile making machines. Immediately west of the city the fine buildings of Adrian College are located. It was established in 1859, under the auspices of the Methodist Church, for the co-education of the sexes, and has been very successful. There are 15 instructors, under the presidency of Prof. D. C. Thomas, and an average of 250 students. The college possesses an annual income of over twelve thousand dollars, and invested funds of eighty-five thousand dollars or more. Population of the city, 1896, 9,511. The city has stations of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern and Wabash railroads within its limits. See ADRIAN, Vol. I, p. 165.

ADRIANISTS OR ADRIANITES, followers of Adrian Hamstedius, a sixteenth-century heretic. They maintained that the body of Christ was formed entirely of the substance of the Virgin Mary. The followers of Simon Magus are also called Adrianites. ADULLAM, in Scripture geography, a city in the plain country of the tribe of Judah. It is a place of great antiquity, being mentioned in Gen. xxxviii, and was the capital of a Canaanite kingdom at the time of the Israelitish conquest. The town Adullam was probably near Deir Dubban, near the great limestone cliffs pierced with excavations. The cave Adullam, in which David took refuge after escaping from Gath (1 Sam. xxii. 1), was probably situated among the mountains to the east of Judah, near the Dead Sea. From its being described as the

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resort of "every one that was in distress," or "in debt," or "discontented," it has often been humorously alluded to, as by the Baron of Bradwardine in Waverley, ch. lvii. The cave was capable of concealing 400 men.

ADULLAMITES, the nickname bestowed by John Bright, the English statesman, on a group of Liberal politicians who voted with the Conservative party on the introduction of the reform of the Franchise Act in 1866. The jest was dangerous, as double-edged, Lord Elcho at once retorting that the band in the cave increased hourly, and would ultimately deliver the English House of Commons from the tyranny of Saul (Mr. Gladstone) and his armor-bearer (Mr. Bright). Hence, in newspaper diction, Adullamites is a term used to signify any group of dissatisfied or disgusted politicians who desert their own party and vote in the interests of an opposite party.

ADULTERY, at common law, the voluntary sexual intercourse between a married woman and a man other than her husband. The offense was not indictable or subject to punishment except by the ecclesiastical courts, but was a sufficient ground for granting a divorce and for maintaining an action for damages at the instance of the husband of the guilty woman. Illicit intercourse between an unmarried woman and a man, whether married or single, is termed fornication. In many parts of the United States the common-law rule has been changed by statute, which declares adultery to be any illicit intercourse of a married person, male or female, with a person other than the offender's husband or wife. In many states, adultery has been made a crime, punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both. Otherwise the common-law rule generally remains unchanged. Where the intercourse is between a married person and one who is unmarried, the crime as to the married person is adultery, and as to the unmarried person fornication. In case the criminal intercourse is between persons both of whom are unmarried, the criminal prosecution may generally be suspended by subsequent marriage and payment of the costs of the prosecution. Living in adultery means the carrying on of habitual adulterous intercourse between the same parties, whether actually living together in the same house as man and wife, or not. The civil action, in this country is generally brought by the husband of the offending wife against the co-respondent, claiming damages. for the alienation of his wife's affections, and can be maintained without proof of actual adultery. See ADULTERY, Vol. I, p. 177.

ADVANCEMENT, a gift from a parent to his child in anticipation of such child's inheritance upon the death of the parent. The amount of an advancement will be deducted from the child's share of the estate upon the distribution after the parent's death. The question of whether a gift is an advancement is to be determined by the intention of the parent. Money given for the support of the child, or for his education, is not generally an advancement, where it is intended merely to pay the actual expenses. It is not neces

sary

that any particular form be followed, to consti