NEW AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT TO THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA. A AACHEN-AARIFI PASHA ACHEN, same as AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, Vol. I, | ner; and in 1799, having spent the winter at the p. 432. AAGESEN, SVEND, a Danish historian, who at the beginning of the thirteenth century wrote a history of Denmark down to 1187. AALESUND, a coast town in the province of Romsdal, Norway, built on three small islands. Population (1891) 8,406. AALI PASHA, MEHEMED EMIN, a distinguished Turkish statesman, born in 1815; entered the Turkish foreign office in 1830; Turkish ambassador at London in 1841-44; appointed minister of foreign affairs in 1845, serving as such three terms between 1846 and 1853. He became chancellor of the divan in 1845, pasha in 1856, and grand vizier in 1852, holding this latter position several times. He was closely identified with the reforms in the government of the Ottoman empire under the sultans Abdul Medjid and Abdul Aziz. He represented the Porte at the conferences of Vienna and Paris in 1855, and signed the Treaty of Paris in 1856. He presided at the conference of the European powers called to settle the Roumanian difficulties in 1864. During the absence, in 1867, from Constantinople, of the Sultan, who was engaged in making a tour of the Continent, Aali Pasha acted as regent of the empire, and was active in suppressing the Cretan rebellion in 1867-68, and in repressing the efforts of the Egyptians to escape from the supremacy of the Porte. He died Sept. 6, 1871. AALL, JAKOB, a Norwegian historian and statesman, was born at Porsgrund July 27, 1773. While studying divinity at Copenhagen he became interested in the pursuit of natural science, and in 1797 he set out to make the tour of the scientific schools of Leipsic, Kiel and Göttingen. In Germany he became acquainted with the great geologist, Wer 9 celebrated academy of mines in Freiberg, he returned to Norway and invested his patrimony in the purchase of the immense iron-works of Naes, in the Arendal ore region. In 1814 he took a prominent part in the framing of the free constitution of Norway, and for 14 years, 1816-30, he was a leading member of the Storthing. In 1832-36 he published, in three volumes, entitled Present and Past, a redaction of his own numerous magazine articles on the history and antiquities of Norway. In 1838-39 appeared his standard translation of Snorre Sturleson's Heimskringla. His Reminiscences (1844-45) is a repository of data concerning the contemporaneous history of the Scandinavian peninsula. Died Aug. 4, 1844. AALTEN, a town in the province of Gelderland, Netherlands, about 30 miles east of Arnhem, on the river Aar. Population (1891) 7,030. AAM, AUM or Awм, a Dutch liquid measure of varying value. The standard or Amsterdam aam is 41 gallons for wine and about 38 gallons for oil. The aam is in limited use in other continental countries, in some of which it shrinks in capacity to about 36 gallons. In Germany it is written ahm, and sometimes, though erroneously, ohm. AARESTRUP, CARL LUDWIG EMIL, Danish physician and poet, born Dec. 4, 1800. A volume of his poems was published in 1838, and another posthumously in 1863. He died in 1856. AARIFI PASHA, a Turkish statesman, born in Constantinople in 1830. He entered the diplomatic service at an early age, accompanying his father, Shekib Pasha, on a mission to Rome in 1847. Turning his attention to one of the chief requirements of a diplomatist, linguistic attainments, he successively filled minor and gradually more im ΙΟ AARON ABATEMENT portant posts in the European embassies of his country. For many years he was the first translator in the divan. Subsequently he was appointed under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, holding at the same time three other important porfolios in the ministry. He became minister of public instruction in 1874, minister of justice, and later ambassador at Vienna. The futile reform constitution of November, 1876, brought Aarifi to the front as president of the senate for a brief period. He was Ottoman ambassador in Paris in 1877, becoming prime minister for a brief period in 1879. AARON, SAMUEL, a Baptist clergyman and educator, born at New Britain, Pennsylvania, in 1800. Ordained in 1829. Established an enviable reputation as a teacher in Treemount Seminary, near Norristown, Pennsylvania, and in the Mount Holly Institute in New Jersey. He was also the author of various text-books. He died April 11, 1865. AARON BEN ASHER, a Jewish scholar living at Tiberias in the tenth century. He completed the Masora (the accents and vowels) of the Hebrew Bible. His codex, named after him, was preserved at Berea. AARON'S BEARD, a vernacular name applied to at least four widely different species of plants: (a) Saxifraga sarmentosa, a Chinese plant in common cultivation, with alternate bright and hairy leaves on long, drooping stems; (b) Hypericum calycinum, a dwarf evergreen shrub of southeastern Europe, with conspicuous flowers and clusters of long hairlike stamens, which suggest the name; (c) Rhus cotinus, the common "smoke tree," whose flowers are mostly abortive and their pedicels lengthen and branch, bearing long plumy hairs, making feathery clusters; (d) Geropogon hirsutus, a plant of Southern Europe, with purplish head and plumy pappus. As ABADDON, a Hebrew word used in rabbinical legends to denote the deepest place in hell. used in Rev. ix, 2, it denotes the angel of the abyss, the bottomless pit. ABAFFY OR ABAFFI, MIHALY. See APAFI, in these Supplements. ABALONE, a name used on the coast of California to designate gasteropod mollusks of the genus Haliotis. They are edible, and great quantities are dried and exported for use as food. The shell, commonly known as ear-shell, is used in inlaying and other ornamental work. ABANA, now the Barada, a river of Syria having its source in the Antilibanus, some 23 miles from Damascus, through which city it flows, losing itself in the lake or marsh Bahret-el-Kibliyeh. It is mentioned in 2 Kings v, 12, as one of the rivers of Damascus, with the Pharpar, now known as the Awab. ABANCOURT, CHARLES XAVIER JOSEPH FRANQUEVILLE D', a minister of war to Louis XVI of France, in 1792. Born at Douai, 1758; murdered by a mob at Versailles, Sept. 9, 1792. He was a nephew of Calonne, and an ardent royalist. ABARBANEL. See ABRABANEL, Vol. I, p. 52. ABARCA, JOAQUIN, a bishop and leader of the absolutist party of Spain, born in 1780. He became prime minister of Don Carlos, but, falling into disfavor, was banished, and died in 1844. ABARIM, a range of mountains on the east side of the Jordan, opposite Jericho, in the land of Moab. These mountains have an elevation of nearly 3,000 feet above the Mediterranean, and more than 4,000 feet above the Dead Sea. The summit of the range was formerly supposed to be level, but recent explorers have found considerable inequalities of surface. Mount Nebo, the highest point, and still called Mount Neba or Nebbah, is believed to be the point from which Moses obtained his view of Palestine. AARS, JACOB JONATHAN, Norwegian linguist, born in Christiania, July 12, 1837. He wrote an old Norse grammar, and rendered tales and songs of that ABASCAL Y SOUSA, JOSÉ FERNANDO, a Spanspeech into modern Norwegian. ish general and statesman; born at Oviedo, Asturias, AASEN, IVAR ANDREAS. See NORWAY, Vol. XVII, June 3, 1743. He was viceroy of Peru 1804-16; p. 592. was created Marquis de la Concordia Española del AASVÆR, a group of Norwegian islands. See Peru in 1812, and was made captain-general on his VÆRO, in these Supplements. AB, a Jewish month. See CALENDAR, Vol. IV, pp. 678, 681. ABACO, the largest of the Bahama Islands. Length, 80 miles, area, 96 sq. miles; lat. 26° 18' N., long. 76° 57' W. Its chief town is Carleton. It is also called Great Abaco and Lucaya. Little Abaco lies west of the northern portion of Abaco. ABAD, a dynastic title applied to several of the Moorish kings in Spain. Abad I, the first Moslem king of Seville, reigned 1023-42. The last of the dynasty, Abad III, died in 1095. ABAD OR ABADIANO, DIEGO JOSÉ, a Mexican poet and Jesuit, born near Jiquilpan, Mexico, July 1, 1727, was rector of the college of Queretaro, where he studied and practiced medicine. Later he went to Italy, where he published a volume of heroic verses concerning God, in Latin, to which his fame is principally due. It was in cantos and went through several editions. He also wrote a book describing the principal rivers of the world. Died in Barcelona, Spain, Sept. 30, 1779. return to Spain. He died in Madrid, July 31, 1821. ABASIA. See ABKHASIA, Vol. I, p. 50. ABATEMENT, in heraldry, is the term commonly applied to a mark of dishonor across a coat of arms. Abatement is also a term used in legal matters. Abatement of legacies occurs when the estate of the testator is insufficient to pay his debts and the legacies in full. When the estate is not sufficient to pay both debts and legacies, it is the rule that the general legacies must abate proportionately for the purpose of paying the debts. After the exhaustion of the general legacies and the remainder of the estate, the specific legacies will be abated proportionately for the payment of debts. Abatement in pleading defeats the action, unless the defect be such that it can be cured by amendment, but does not bar the plaintiff from recommencing his suit, and thus, if possible, avoiding the defect. A plea in abatement, as it is dilatory in its nature and does not go to the merits of the controversy, is not favored by the courts, and must be drawn with the greatest accuracy, and is not amendable. It must be presented at the earliest ABATTIS-ABATTOIRS -opportunity, before any plea to the merits, in both civil and criminal actions, unless the matter pleaded in abatement arises subsequently. Generally, a plea in abatement must be accompanied by affidavit of the truth of the facts pleaded. Pleas denying the jurisdiction of the court are usually classed with pleas in abatement, but are not strictly such. In many states, such pleas are considered meritorious and are amendable to almost the same extent as other pleadings. Abatement in suits in chancery is the suspension of all proceedings in the suit for want of proper parties. Abatement of a nuisance may be accomplished by a removal or destruction, by the party injured, of the nuisance with the least possible damage and disturbance, but the more usual and efficient remedy is by proceedings in equity to restrain the maintenance of the nuisance, or command its destruction. The right to invoke the aid of a court of equity to abate a nuisance will be barred by unnecessary delay or acquiescence. The maintenance of a public nuisance is, in many cases, an indictable offense. See ABATEMENT, Vol. I, p. 5. ABATTIS (FR.) See FORTIFICATION, Vol. IX, p. 422. ABAT-VOIX, a sounding-board placed over a pulpit or the head of a speaker to throw the voice toward the audience. ABAUJVAR or ABAUJ, a county of Hungary. Area, 1109 sq. miles. Bounded by the counties of Borsod, Torna, Zemplin, Saros and Zips. Its chief town is Kaschau, and its population (1890) 165,000. The country is mountainous, and the soil specially favorable for grape culture. Gold, silver, iron and copper are among its mineral products. ABBADIE, ANTOINE THOMSON D', a traveler and explorer, born in Dublin, Ireland, Jan. 3, 1810; was educated in France, and from 1837 to 1848 made extensive explorations in Abyssinia and Upper Egypt. On his return he published a catalogue of Ethiopian MSS., the Géodésie d'une partie de la HauteÉthiopie (1860-73) and a Dictionary of the Amarinna (Amharic) language. ABBADIE, ARNAUD MICHEL D', brother of Antoine, was born in Dublin, July 24, 1815. He accompanied his brother on his travels and on their return published the Douze Ans dans la HauteÉthiopie. I I the slaughter of animals for food products has been almost entirely performed in the abattoirs of the great packing centers, the utilization of the offal, or portions of the animal formerly allowed to go to waste, has become a matter of great importance. About one third of the weight of an animal consists of products that cannot be eaten; and when it is known that in excess of thirty thousand animals have been slaughtered in a single day in the abattoirs of Chicago alone, the importance of utilizing this great amount of refuse will be seen. At the present time use is found for every part of the animal slaughtered, and the entire amount of offal is converted into a mercantile commodity by processes adopted within recent years. A considerable sum is realized from the sale of these products, made from the portions of the animal formerly unused, and this fact has contributed largely to keeping the price of the edible parts within the reach of all classes, many of whom would be deprived of meat as a regular food if this utilization were not effected. To follow the process of slaughtering an ox will illustrate the manner in which the different portions are converted into products ready for the market. The animal is killed by a blow of a hammer upon the skull, and immediately seized by hooks attached to its hind legs, and suspended, head down, by a chain fastened to a pulley, that permits the carcass to descend of its own weight along an inclined rail. It thus passes in succession before a gang of workmen, each of whom performs a different operation. The first cuts, with a stroke of a knife, the jugular vein and carotid artery, whence the blood escapes and flows over a scrupulously clean floor into reservoirs. When the blood is cold it coagulates, and the fluid portion, which contains the soluble salts, is liberated. This is used for sizing paper. The solid part is prepared for a number of purposes, among which the most important is that of fertilization, a use for which it is especially valuable. The blood is sometimes placed in huge vats and about 70 per cent of the bulk evaporated. The residuum is then placed in hydraulic presses, and more moisture driven off in this manner. The solid cakes are then reinduced to a fine powder by attrition, which is mixed with potash and phosphoric acid, making a fertilizer rich in plant-food. Ordinary blood contains about 17 per cent of ammonia, and of this about 13 per cent is pure nitrogen. The best qualities of blood are used for the refining of sugar. When desired for this purpose it is dried at a low temperature, in order to prevent the coagulation of the albumen. These cakes are dissolved in warm water and added to the liquid sugar. As an increasing heat is applied the albumen rises as a scum, carrying with it ABBAS, ABBAS-IBN-ABD-IL-MOOLTALIB, the paternal uncle of Mohammed, and the progenitor of the dynasty of Abbasides; born at Mecca, 566. He opposed Mohammed at first, but, subsequently becoming converted, became one of the principal promoters of the Mohammedan religion. Died in 652. ABBAS PASHA, viceroy of Egypt, and a grandson of Mehemet Ali; born at Jiddah, in Arabia, 1813. He ascended the viceregal throne at Cairo on the death of his uncle, Ibrahim Pasha, in 1848. He was a bigoted, indolent and sensual ruler, bitterly opposed to foreigners and their civilization. He was found dead, probably murdered, July 13, 1854, and was succeeded by his uncle, Saïd Pasha. See EGYPT, Vol. VII, p. 766. ABBAS HILMI, Khedive of Egypt, is the eldest son of the late Tewfik Pasha. He was born July 14, 1874, and succeeded his father Jan. 7, 1892, when |