Europeans, 600,000 could manage to live a vigorous | and healthy life in Central Africa, and that there will be no lack of settlers as soon as the profit of residence there becomes apparent.

The territory secured by England in East Equatorial Africa, as a result of the dismemberment of the Zanzibar domain, has received the somewhat fantastic name of Ibea, a term formed by the initial letters of the full title, Imperial British East Africa. The Imperial British East Africa Company, under a royal charter dated September 3, 1888, obtained the same year from the Sultan of Zanzibar a strip of the Zanzibar coast. This was extended by a second concession in 1889 and a third in 1891, giving a total length of coast subject to the company of about 450 miles, with all the adjacent islands as far south as Zanzibar. From the coast British East Africa extends west to the border of the Congo Free State and the Congo-Nile water-parting. It probably exceeds in area 1,250,000 square miles, and has a population estimated at about 13,000,000. The country is opened up by means of exploring caravans carrying trade goods. The most advanced permanent posts occupied by Europeans are from 250 to 300 miles inland, where a healthy plateau has an elevation of 7,000 feet. Mombasa, on the coast, which has a fine harbor, is the seat of government. A good road has been constructed to connect Mombasa with Kibwezi, nearly 200 miles inland, where a mission is successfully carrying on the industrial education of the natives. A survey has been made for the construction of a line of railway, over 657 miles long, from the coast at Mombasa to Lake Victoria Nyanza. Mombasa is connected with the coast ports of the company by telegraph lines, and with Zanzibar by a submarine cable.* E. C. TOWNE.

AFRICAN LANGUAGES. XVIII, p. 780.

See PHILOLOGY, Vol.

AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, an organization of colored Methodists, which withdrew from the care of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1816. They elected the Rev. Richard Allen as their first bishop. In tenets and doctrine they follow substantially the parent body. Four academies, one university, and two weekly newspapers contribute to the advancement of the colored Methodists. In 1891, they returned to the census authorities the names of 4,150 ministers and 475,565 lay members. The question of amalgamation with the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church has been seriously considered, and may be acted upon.

AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL ZION CHURCH, an offshoot of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the result of a schism and secession in a New York congregation in 1820. Their first bishop was the Rev. Christopher Rush, chosen in 1838, under the title of superintendent. In 1891, the church numbered 3,650 ministers and 425,000 members. In doctrine and tenets they follow, in the main, the Methodist Episcopal Church.

AFRIKANDER, a term of Dutch origin, signify

The chief authority used for the above account of Africa to date, A. H. Keane's Africa, in Sanford's Compendium of Geography, is an admirable contribution to knowledge of the Dark Continent.

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ing a white man, more particularly one of Dutch descent, born on the African continent. It is used in contradistinction to the term Uitlander, which signifies one born in another country.

AFRIKANDER BUND OR BOND, an association, organized in 1879, and consisting of Afrikanders. It aims at the political independence of South Africa, and the formation of the United States of South Africa there.

AFTERGLOWS, the extraordinary brilliancy often seen in twilight colors after the sun has sunk to rest. Foreglows are the morning glories before actual sunrise. Observers have noticed the prevalence of such phenomena after great volcanic eruptions, and are inclined to ascribe the glows to the presence of an infinite quantity of microscopically minute particles suspended in the air.

AFTON, a town of Union County, in the southwestern part of the state of Iowa. It is situated on the banks of Twelve Mile Creek, in a fertile agricultural district, and on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad, 12 miles E. of Creston. A good private normal school and business college is located here. Population 1895, 1,144.

AGAMI. See TRUMPETER, Vol. XXIII, p. 594. AGAMOGENESIS. See BIOLOGY, Vol. III, p.

AGAPEMONE (Gr. "An abode of love"), the name given to a species of reconstructed Eden, founded in Somersetshire, England, in 1848, by Henry James Prince, an ex-minister of the Church of England. In practice, despite their pretensions, the Princeites, or "Lampeter Brethren,' were fanatics and free-lovers. Prince claimed to be "God incarnate," free from all desire, and he and his devotees lived in voluptuous ease. The term is also used to denote the residence of any sect of free-lovers.

AGAPETÆ, the "beloved women" of the primitive church who lived with ascetic men, professing to observe lives of celibacy. This practice of spiritual love soon led to irregularities, and was condemned by the Lateran Council in 1139.

AGARDH, JAKOB GEORG, a Swedish botanist of note; son of K. A. Agardh; born at Lund, Sweden, Dec. 8, 1813. He was appointed professor of botany in the university of his native town, and wrote several standard works on botany.

AGARDH, KARL ADOLPH, a noted Swedish political economist and naturalist; born at Bastad, Sweden, Jan. 23, 1785. He entered the church in 1812, and in 1834 was consecrated bishop of Carlstad. He published three valuable treatises on seaweeds. Died at Carlstad, Sweden, Jan. 28, 1859. AGARICUS. See MUSHROOM, Vol. XVII, p. 74. AGASSIZ, ALEXANDER, American geologist and zoologist, born in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Dec. 17, 1835. He followed his father, Louis Agassiz, to the United States in 1849, graduated at Harvard in 1855, and received the degree of B.S. from the Lawrence Scientific School in 1857. Two years later he collected numerous specimens of fish, for the Harvard museum, while on a trip to California as an assistant on the coast survey. On his return in 1860, he served as assistant in the Museum of Comparative Zoology for five years. In 1866, he became

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connected with the famous Lake Superior copper-mines, and developed the deposits of the Calumet and Hecla mines until they became the most valuable in the world. He was appointed chief curator of the museum on his father's death in 1873, a position he held until 1885. He has since been engaged in visiting foreign collections and museums, and in deep-sea dredging, making many important contributions to science. He is a member of numerous scientific societies, both in this country and in Europe, and the author of several scientific works.

A. AGASSIZ.

AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION, a scientific association organized at Lenox, Massachusetts, in 1879, for the purpose of stimulating interest in matters scientific. Originally confined by its founder, Mr. H. H. Ballard, to his pupils at the Lenox Academy, it was turned into a general organization in 1880, which has increased to a membership of about ten thousand, grouped in some one thousand chapters. A most valuable feature of the society is the interchange of scientific information, specimens, etc., by members corresponding with one another.

AGASSIZ, MOUNT, extinct volcano of Arizona, in Coconino County, a few miles north of Flagstaff, on the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, and at the head of the Little Colorado basin. It is one of the San Francisco mountains, and is 10,000 feet in height. AGATHA, SAINT, a noble lady of Sicily. She is said to have resented insults of the prefect Quintianus, and to have suffered martyrdom at Catana, in the persecution of Christians under Decius, 251 A.D. The Roman and Anglican churches commemorate her martyrdom on February 5th.

AGAVE. See American aloe, under ALOE, Vol. I, p. 597.

AGE. Legal divisions of human life differ considerably in different countries, being sometimes arbitrary, and sometimes founded on nature. The whole period previous to 21 years of age is generally spoken of as infancy; but notwithstanding this general division, which is applied to both sexes, the ages of male and female differ for different purposes. In England, a male at the age of 12 may take the oath of allegiance; at 14, consent or disagree to marriage, choose his guardian and be an executor; but when 21, is at his own disposal,-may alien and devise his lands, etc. A female at 7 years may be given in marriage, at 14 choose a guardian, at 17 be an executrix, and at 21 dispose of herself and her lands.

In Scotland, the marriageable age is 14 in males and 12 in females. Both sexes are of age at 21.

In France, 18 in males and 15 in females is full age; these are the ages at which they may respectively marry with consent of parents. At the age of 21 men are eligible for public office.

In the United States a person becomes of legal age when he or she is 21, males being able to con

tract marriage in different states at ages varying from 14 to 21 years, and females from 12 to 21 years of age. An American citizen cannot be a Representative before he is 25 years of age, Senator before 30, or President before 35. Between the ages of 18 and 45 the male citizen is liable to military service, and between 21 and 60, in most states, to service as juryman. In criminal law, no act done by a child under 7 years of age is a crime, nor an act done when between the age of 7 and 14, except it is shown that the child has sufficiently mature understanding to distinguish between right and wrong. See AGE, Vol. I, p. 278; also LONGEVITY, Vol. XIV, p. 857.

AGE OF CONSENT. Age-of-consent laws are those which are enacted by the legislatures of the various states providing that young girls under a certain age, therein designated, shall not be capable of consenting to carnal or illicit intercourse with the opposite sex. These laws provide that if a male person of sufficiently mature age to be chargeable with the crime of rape shall have illicit intercourse with a girl of less age than that named in the statute he shall be guilty of rape, and punishable in the same manner and to the same degree as though he had committed the offense with force and against the will of the girl. The old English laws, from which much of the law of the United States is derived, fixed the age of consent at 10, and later at 12 years, and consequently the early statutes of the various states of this country usually fixed the age as of one or the other of those periods of the English law. Within the last decade the laws fixing the age of consent have received radical changes, both in this country and in England, and the age has been fixed in England at 16 years, and in most of the states of this country at either 14 or 16 years. has recently been increased in Florida to 17 years, and in Kansas and Wyoming to 18 years. This reform has not met with success in some states, but the modern tendency seems to be that the age of consent should be at least 16 years. In only 10 states is the age now less than 14 years. Recent investigations of the extent of crimes against young girls have aroused public interest, with the prospect that in other states laws may be passed to materially increase the age of consent.

It

AGENCY, is the relation between two or more persons, whereby one is authorized to act for and on behalf of the other, to a more or less limited extent, in the transaction of business affairs. The one thus employed is termed the agent, while the employer is termed the principal. Agency is a contractual relation, which may be either express or implied. Unauthorized acts of an agent become binding upon the principal, if ratified by him. Ratification will be presumed from the silence of the principal after notice of the act, or from acts inconsistent with a contrary presumption. Generally, all persons of sound mind, and of sufficiently mature age to transact the business required, including married women and minors, are legally qualified to act as agents. See AGENT, Vol. I, p. 280.

AGENDA, a term in theology, signifying practical duties, as distinguished from credenda doc

trines or matters of faith. The term is also used to | signify the church ritual, or the book of services. The service-books of the Lutheran Church are called Agenda.

AGENOIS, that part of the old province of Guienne, in France, which now forms part of the department of Lot-et-Garonne; area, about 1,080 sq. miles. AGENOR, the name of six mythological celebrities: 1. A son of Neptune (Poseidon) and Libya; father of Cadmus, Phoenix, Cilix, Thasus, Phineus and Europa. He was twin brother of Belus, and became king of Phoenicia. 2. A son of Iasus, and father of Argus Panoptes, king of Argos. 3. Son and successor of Triopas, in the kingdom of Argos. 4. A son of Pleuron and Xanthippe and grandson tolus. 5. A son of Phegeus, king of Psophis, in Arcadia. 6. The bravest of the Trojans, son of Antenor and Theano. He engaged in single combat with Achilles, but was rescued by Apollo. AGGLOMERATE, OR VOLCANIC AGGLOMERATES. See GEOLOGY, Vol. X, p. 239.

of

AGGLUTINATE LANGUAGES. A term employed in comparative philology to denote those tongues in which no proper inflexions exist, but in which the pronouns are made to adhere to the root of the verb to form the conjugations, and in which the prepositions unite with substantives to form the declensions. In an agglutinate language, as the term itself imports, there must be no incorporation of the root and the adhering word; the two must simply lie side by side, "glued" together, without change in either. An agglutinate language is so termed in contradistinction to an inflexional language. The Turanian language of Asia is typically agglutinate, while the Aryan and Semitic tongues are essentially inflexional.

AGNADELLO, a village in the province of Cremona, northern Italy, 10 miles E. of Lodi, near which the French under Louis VII completely defeated the Venetians, May 14, 1509.

AGNES, SAINT, a celebrated Christian virgin and martyr of Rome. She is said to have been beheaded by order of Diocletian 303 A.D. Her martyrdom is commemorated on January 21st, by the Greek, Roman and Anglican churches.

AGNEW, CORNELIUS REA, an American aurist and oculist, born in New York City, Aug. 8, 1830. He graduated at Columbia College, and studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. After he received his degree he held several important medical posts, one being that of director of the New York State Volunteer Hospital. In 1868 he established an ophthalmic clinic in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and later founded the Brooklyn and Manhattan Eye and Ear hospitals. For years Dr. Agnew was connected with the state hospital for the insane at Poughkeepsie, and was deeply interested in the educational institutions of New York City. He contributed numerous papers to medical journals on diseases of the eye and ear. He died in New York City, April 18, 1888.

AGNEW, DANIEL HAYES, American surgeon, born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Nov. 24, 1818. After studying at Jefferson and Newark colleges he graduated in medicine at the University of Penn

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sylvania in 1838. He lectured in the Philadelphia School of Anatomy, and established the School of Operative Surgery. Subsequently he became a surgeon in the Philadelphia Hospital, and also in the Pennsylvania Hospital. For several years he was a professor in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania; and he was also, for some time, a surgeon at Will's Ophthalmic Hospital. Dr. Agnew was connected with numerous cases of great public and scientific importance, the best known. being that of President Garfield; and he has made many valuable contributions to medical literature. Among his works are Practical Anatomy (1867); Anatomy and Its Relation to Medicine and Surgery; and Principles and Practice of Surgery (1878). Died March 22, 1892.

AGNI, a Hindu deity; the god of fire, a bearer of incense and purifier, and a mediator between man and gods. See BRAHMANISM, Vol. IV, pp.

206-208.

AGNOMEN, an additional name given by the ancient Romans on account of some quality, action, virtue or accomplishment; thus P. Cornelius Scipio received the agnomen of Africanus.

AGNOSTICISM. This term was first used by T. H. Huxley, about 1869, to signify that state of mind toward the supernatural which neither accepts nor denies its existence, but holds that its problems are not the subject of demonstration or scientific investigation. It is generally accompanied by a very positive scepticism, since the agnostic temperament does not recognize faith as a means of information or a source of certitude. Strictly, mat ters of religious belief or speculative philosophy he places in the realm of the unknown, with a strong inclination to pronounce them unknowable. The term is a derivation from a Greek word meaning "without knowledge," and the religious bias that gave rise to its coinage is disclosed by the fact that Huxley took it from the inscription on an Athenian altar, which, as St. Paul described it, was dedicated to the "unknown god."

Agnosticism differs from the scepticism of the seventeenth century, in that, on the one hand, it is not so dogmatic in its denials, and on the other hand, that its scope is wider. It does not deny, for it admits, that there are many facts, as of consciousness, that do not as yet submit themselves to the methods of experimental science; but it holds judgment in suspense concerning spiritual things, and often is hopeless, as to them, of passing beyond mere opinion or hope. It is of broad scope, for it challenges all the conclusions of metaphysics and belief, although it admits the value of hypothesis as a means of directing and testing the investigations of phenomena. The real root of agnosticism is in inductive or experimental philosophy, under which a law of nature, once established, can be verified by the ability of any one to reproduce the same phenomena by the same methods. To the true disciple of this school the "Absolute" or the "First Cause" must ever remain unknowable, since in nature causation is always reducible to a series of sequences or a recurrent order of phenomena. To this chain there is no conceivable logical end.

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AGOULT, MArie Catherine Sophie, ComtESSE D', a French authoress; born at Frankfort-on-theMain, Germany, Dec. 31, 1805, whither her father, the Count de Flavigny, had fled for safety during the Reign of Terror. She was educated at a convent in Paris, and in 1827 married the Comte d'Agoult. She soon left her husband and lived with the composer Liszt, to whom she bore three daughters, the eldest of whom married Émile Ollivier; the second, Guy de Charnacé; and the third, first, Hans von Bülow, and afterward, Richard Wagner. Marie d'Agoult had a fancy for authorship, and wrote under the pseudonym of Daniel Stern. Her best work is her Esquisses Morales et Politiques (1849); and among her works may be mentioned Nélida; Lettres Républicaines; Histoire de la Révolution de 1848 (1851); and Mes Souvenirs, 1806-1833. She died in Paris, March 5, 1876.

AGREEMENT, an understanding on the part of two or more persons to which they have assented, wherein mutual promises are made to perform some act. The term has much the same significance as contract, but is of more extensive application. An agreement might not in some cases be a contract, as because it did not fulfill the requirements of the law of the particular place at which it was made; but a contract must always be an agreement. But the term agreement is seldom applied to specialties or contracts under seal. The term promise, which is a necessary element of an agreement or contract, is of narrower application than either, and refers to the engagement or undertaking of a party without regard to the consideration or the undertaking of the party to whom the promise is made. To constitute a valid agreement, there must be a consideration, the parties must assent to the terms of the agreement with the full knowledge thereof, and the object to be attained must be lawful. The rules of law having applications to contracts apply also to agreements. See CONTRACT, Vol. VI, pp. 322-24.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES are institutions for instruction in the science and practice of agriculture. The first governmental aid extended to schools of this class in the United States was an appropriation by Congress of 30,000 acres of public land for each Senator and Representative, to be applied in the states which they severally represented. This bill was passed by the Thirty-seventh

1862, and was contemporaneous with the act establishing an agricultural commission. Provision was made that such states as had public lands subject to sale at private entry at $1.25 per acre should take their apportionment in this land; but where the state had not such land, the government was to issue scrip authorizing the holder to locate public lands subject to sale at private entry elsewhere. These appropriations passed under the control of the legislatures of the several states, limited, however, by the act of Congress as to the disposition to be made thereof, and of the application of the proceeds. The lands and scrip were to be sold, and not more than 10 per cent of the fund arising could, at the discretion of the legislature, be devoted to the purchase of lands for sites of experimental farms. All of the proceeds not thus invested were to be placed in stocks yielding not less than five per cent, and the interest arising therefrom was to go to "the endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts," in such manner as the legislatures of the states may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in several pursuits and professions in life. Additional Congressional aid was extended in 1890, by an appropriation to cover the cost of establishing and maintaining experiment stations in the several states. See AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS, in these Supplements. The states that had lands within their own borders subject to entry received 1,770,000 acres of land. states that had not public lands subject to entry received scrip in an amount equivalent to 7,830,000 acres, making the total appropriation, under the act of 1862, 9,600,000 acres. The value of this land, at the minimum price of $1.25 per acre, was twelve million dollars, but it is estimated that these grants have realized to the states more than thirty million dollars. In addition to the foregoing, provision has been made for agricultural colleges in the new states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Wyoming and Idaho by the appropriation of 90,000 acres to each, except in the case of South Dakota, to which. 120,000 acres have been given.

The

In these colleges the course of instruction covers a course of four years. The curriculum embraces chemistry, botany, geology, zoölogy, entomology, horticulture, veterinary science, the various interests associated with theoretical and applied agriculture, as well as language, literature, history and general science. Tuition is generally free, so that the living expenses of the student constitute the only expense, and this may be reduced to a minimum by exercising the privilege of devoting certain specified hours to remunerative labor. On the continent of Europe agricultural colleges have been in existence for almost a hundred years. They are especially favored in Germany, where there are several hundred in active and successful operation. The best results have