Chemistry and Medical Jurisprudence ($12), G. W. Chevers, M. D, ; Theory and Practice of Medicine, and Midwifery ($10), J. B. Day, M. D.; Surgery, and Diseases of Women and Children ($10), I. G. Jones, M. D.; Botany, Materia Medica, and Pharmacy ($10), J. R. Paddock, M. D. Fees for each professor's ticket for the spring and summer course, $5. Graduation fee, $10. Use of dissecting room, $3-optional." This circular is signed by the president, James Kilbourne; the secretary, R. W. Cowles, and by J. B. Day, M. D., as Dean. It has generally been stated that Dr. Morrow was always Dean, but this circular shows such a view to have been an error.

The path of the reformer is at no time easily trodden. Worthington Medical School, with its promoters, shared the common lot of pioneer institutions. Although for the most part the Faculty was unusually harmonious, dissentions gradually arose which were to darken the way for Morrow and his faithful associates. When Dr. I. G. Jones, owing

to increasing practice in the Capital, was obliged to remove to Columbus, a graduate of the institution (1832), Dr. D. L. Terry, was called to a professorship, and was also taken into partnership by Dr. Morrow. Not long afterward he began to sow seeds of discontent among the students, and at last, in May, 1836, went over bodily to the Thomsonians, and subsequently engaged in acrimonious disputation through the Botanical Recorder with the Faculty at Worthington.

For the first few years the college was in a thriving condition, and much enthusiasm was shown by Faculty and students. For nearly ten years the Faculty supported the institution without the least outside aid. Liberal State appropriations were made to the Ohio Medical College, then the leading Allopathic college in the West, but no such liberality was shown the Worthington College. The college edi

fice was none too well adapted for a medical institution, and money was needed for more chemical apparatus, to fit up and more fully furnish the anatomical museum and for a library. Repairs were also very much needed. The tuition fees had thus far been applied to keeping up supplies. However, as before stated, the Faculty, more so than of most infant institutions, was unusually harmonious, but the lack of furds began to be felt by all. Colonel Kilbourne 38 suggested that the Legislature be memoralized to appropriate funds, and private benevolence was appealed to. Further, in 1834, in a private letter to the Hon. Thomas Ewing, United States Senator for Ohio, he had importuned the latter to urge Congress to make an appropriation of public lands in the northern portion of Ohio for the benefit of Worthington College, but without success, owing chiefly to the temper of the times.

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It had become evident, however, that the town was too small and out of the way ever to become a great medical center, and this, coupled with the animosities of its enemies, as well as the difficulty of procuring anatomical material, led to the consideration of a plan to abandon the Worthington College and remove the school to Cincinnati. Dr. Richard P. Catley, of the chair of anatomy, had now become a bitter enemy to the further advancement of the school, and adopted the most unwarrantable measures to effect its destruction."'39 Removing to Delaware, Ohio, he circulated unsavory items concerning the manner of procuring dissecting material. Nothing so inflames the people as the violation of the sanctity of the sepulcher. But it must be remembered that in this matter Worthington College was not one whit different from other medical colleges of that period, all of which procured anatomical material chiefly from the potter's fields of various cemeteries. Up to this time no provision had been made by the State (by statute, as is now the case) for furnishing anatomical material. The Faculty had used its utmost endeavors to prevent violation of family lots, and had, as necessity compelled, only counte nanced the disinterment of pauper subjects such as is now freely permitted by the laws of the State, 40 But the enemies of the college were now at work. "Exaggerated pictures of sepulchral robbery," most horrible and repulsive tales of resurrection greatly exposed the Faculty to an indignant populace, and several suits for disinterment were threatened. The class dwindled to about twenty; in 1838 the Western Medical Reformer was suspended, and the Infirmary closed. Criminal charges were brought against Dr. Morrow, of which he was acquitted. The majority of the Faculty was disheartened, but Dr. Morrow never lost heart. "On two occasions the sheriff and posse

38. W. stern Medical Reformer, Dec. 1838, p. 177.

39. Bickley. History of Eclectic Medical Institute, E M Journal, 1857.

40. "This matter was mostly managed by the students, and some of them were very intemperate and reckless. This was especially so with respect to students from the Southern States who had more money than they needed." Sce Life and Times of Rev. J. H, Creighton.

surrounded the college and made thorough search for bodies, but such was the complete arrangement that none were found. Afterward, however, a hiding place was discovered, and a body was found and taken away."'41 Exaggerated newspaper accounts were given of the "Resurrection War," as it was termed. The trouble was largely instigated by non residents, the citizens of Worthington being favorable to the college.

The climax was reached in the autumn of 1839. A Mrs. Cramm, of Marietta, O., died at the State Insane Asylum, and owing to the deep mud roads to Columbus, her relatives did not arrive in time to claim her body. For some reason or other she was buried in the potter's field, then located where the Union Depot of Columbus now stands. Upon the arrival of the Cramms, they found that the grave had been disturbed. Upon opening it they found no body. Suspicion was at once directed to the Worthington Medical College, and the flame was fanned by the college enemies. Two other graves were found to have been opened. On one memorable day news came that there was to be

an attack on the college building, and that a great company of men were on their way from Delaware for that purpose. The students and their friends by chance got word in time to arm themselves with pistols aud shot-guns, and every kind of firearm that they could procure, and fortified themselves in the college building At length the mob arrived. A lawyer named Powell, from Delaware, made an inflammatory speech. The infuriated rabble first searched the house and office of Dr. Morrow, but found nothing. Behind the house, how

41. Ibid.

ever, search revealed the dead body of a negro ensheathed in a shock of freshly cut corn. Their fury now knew no bounds; a pitched battle was barely averted in Windsor street, and Dr. Morrow and others defended the college with rifle in hand. It is said that battering rams were erected for the demolition of the building. Finally, some one betrayed the Faculty, by placing in the hands of the mob the key to the college edifice. Dr. Morrow, seeing that further resistance was useless, stepped out and announced his determination to yield, provided the faculty be allowed to take with it the movable college property. This request was granted. Had an attack been made, the Esculapians would certainly have fired upon the mob. Entering the building, the latter found what was believed to be the body of Mrs. Cramm upon the dissecting table. The college at Worthington had received its mortal blow, and its enemies exulted. But it was to rise again in a more favorable locality, and outlive the machinations of its enemies. The Legislature (March 20, 184042) passed the following enactment:

"AN ACT TO AMEND AN ACT ENTITLED:

"An Act to establish a College in the town of Worthington.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio: That so much of the first section of an act entitled, an act to establish a college in the town of Worthington, as may be construed as to authorize the trustees of said college to confer medical degrees, be, and the same is hereby repealed.

"WM. MCLAUGHLIN,
"Speaker of Senate."

"THOMAS J. BUCHANAN, "Speaker of House of Representatives.

The financial crisis of 1837, and its results for the succeeding seven years, with its political entanglements, tariff agitation, and changes in the banking system, which so materially embarrassed the business interests of the whole country, was strongly felt at the Worthington Medical College, and contributed no little to its final abandonment. Though deprived by law of the power to confer medical degrees, Dr. Morrow still hoped that the tide would turn in his favor, and it is said that he continued to instruct students at Worthington until 1842.

In the class of 1832 there graduated from the Worthington school two men who were to become conspicuous in Eclecticism-Drs. Lorenzo E. Jones and Alexander H. Baldridge. Seeing the futility of any further attempt to revive the medical department, Dr. Baldridge, who had located in Cincinnati in 1840, and a Mr. Mills, who afterwards lived in New York City, persuaded Dr. Morrow to remove to Cincinnati, and there renew his efforts for medical reform.

This school, so formed-The Reformed Medical School of Cincinnati, and the successor of the Worthington Medical College-was the direct predecessor of the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, chartered in 1845, and to-day the leading exponent of the Eclectic practice of medicine.

A few words concerning the men connected with the Worthington Medical Department may be of interest.

Dr. Thomas Vaughan Morrow was born in Fairview, Ky., April 14, 1804, in the same house in which, four years later, Jefferson Davis was born. He was of Scottish and French descent, and his ancestors emigrated to America, settling in Virginia at about the beginning of the French and Indian war. His mother was of English descent. Dr. Morrow was educated at Transylvania University, of Lexington, Ky., and in medicine in New York City. He became a disciple of Dr. Beach and subsequently held the chair of Obstetrics in the Reformed Medical College conducted by the former. When but a young man of twenty six he was placed at the head of the Worthington enterprise, and from that time on he was the leading medical reformer in the West, and the master organizer of the new faith. He possessed great firmness of purpose and rare executive ability. For years he was the master spirit of the new school, and when it failed he did not, like some of his colleagues, lose hope, but with a faith worthy of the cause,

transferred his school and its small following into the midst of antagonistic environments, and began anew the dissemination of the peculiar doctrines and tenets of the new practice. Here his efforts were crowned with success, and he had the satisfaction of seeing the fruits of his labors before his death, which occurred of dysentery in 1850. Dr. Morrow was massive in person. He was a versatile man, often without preparation assuming the duties of the absent professors of the school. He enjoyed a large practice among the best class of people. His wife was Isabel Greer, of Worthington. After his death,