CHAPTER VI.

SPINAL ACCESSORY AND SUBLINGUAL NERVES.

Spinal accessory nerve (third division of the eighth)-Physiological anatomy—

Properties and functions of the spinal accessory-Functions of the internal

branch from the spinal accessory to the pneumogastric-Influence of the

spinal accessory upon the vocal movements of the larynx-Influence of the

internal branch of the spinal accessory upon deglutition-Influence of the

spinal accessory upon the heart-Functions of the external, or muscular

branch of the spinal accessory-Sublingual, or hypoglossal nerve (ninth)—

Physiological anatomy-Properties and functions of the sublingual-Glos-

so-labial paralysis,

166

CHAPTER VII.

TRIFACIAL, OR TRIGEMINAL NERVE.

Physiological anatomy of the trifacial-Properties and functions of the trifacial

-Division of the trifacial within the cranial cavity-Immediate effects of

division of the trifacial-Remote effects of division of the trifacial-Effects

of division of the trifacial upon the organs of special sense-Division of the

trifacial before and behind the ganglion of Gasser-Communication with

the sympathetic at the ganglion of Gasser-Explanation of the phenomena

of disordered nutrition after division of the trifacial-Cases of paralysis of

the trifacial in the human subject,
184

CHAPTER VIII.

PNEUMOGASTRIC, OR PAR VAGUM NERve.

Pneumogastric nerve (second division of the eighth)-Physiological anatomy-

Properties and functions of the pneumogastric-General properties of the

roots-Properties and functions of the auricular nerves-Properties and

functions of the pharyngeal nerves—
s-Properties and functions of the supe-

rior laryngeal nerves-Properties and functions of the inferior, or recurrent

laryngeal nerves-Properties and functions of the cardiac nerves, and influ-

ence of the pneumogastrics upon the circulation-Depressor-nerve of the

circulation-Properties and functions of the pulmonary branches, and influ-

ence of the pneumogastrics upon respiration-Properties and functions of

the œsophageal nerves-Properties and functions of the abdominal branches

-Influence of the pneumogastrics upon the liver-Influence of the pneumo-

gastrics upon the stomach and intestines-Summary of the distribution,

properties, and functions, of the pneumogastrics,

203

CHAPTER IX.

PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THE SPINAL

CORD.

General arrangement of the cerebro-spinal axis-Membranes of the encephalon

and spinal cord-Cephalo-rachidian fluid-Physiological anatomy of the

spinal cord-Direction of the fibres after they have penetrated the cord by

the roots of the spinal nerves-General properties of the spinal cord-

Effects of stimulation applied directly to different portions of the

cord,

Page 257

.

CHAPTER X.

ACTION OF THE SPINAL CORD AS A CONDUCTOR.

Transmission of motor stimulus in the cord-Decussation of the motor conduct-

ors of the cord-Decussation at the medulla oblongata-Decussation of the

motor conductors in the cervical portion of the cord-Transmission of sen-

sory impressions in the cord-The white substance of the posterior columns

does not conduct sensory impressions-Action of the gray matter as a

conductor-Probable function of the cord in connection with muscular

coordination-Decussation of the sensory conductors of the cord-Summary

of the action of the cord as a conductor,

279

CHAPTER XI.

ACTION OF THE SPINAL CORD AS A NERVE-CENTRE.

Movements in decapitated animals-Definition and applications of the term

"reflex "-Reflex action of the spinal cord-History of the discovery of

so-called reflex action-Question of sensation and volition in frogs after

decapitation-Character of movements following irritation of the surface

in decapitated animals-Dispersion of impressions in the cord-Conditions

essential to the manifestation of reflex phenomena-Exaggeration of reflex

excitability by decapitation, poisoning with strychnine, etc.-Reflex phe-

nomena observed in the human subject,

298

CHAPTER XII.

THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES."

Physiological divisions of the encephalon-Weight of different parts of the

brain and of the entire encephalon-Some points in the physiological anat-

omy of the encephalon and its connections-The cerebrum-General prop-

erties of the cerebrum-Functions of the cerebrum-Extirpation of the

cerebrum in animals-Pathological facts bearing upon the functions of

the cerebrum-Comparative development of the cerebrum in the lower

animals-Development of the cerebrum in different races of men and in

different individuals-Ethnological table, derived from autopsies of white

and negro brains-Table of weights of the encephalon in different indi-

viduals-Location of the faculty of articulate language in a restricted por-

tion of the anterior cerebral lobes,

Page 313

Some points in the physiological anatomy of the cerebellum-Course of the

fibres in the cerebellum-General properties of the cerebellum-Functions

of the cerebellum-Extirpation of the cerebellum in animals-Incomplete

extirpation of the cerebellum-Pathological facts bearing upon the func-

tions of the cerebellum-Andral's cases-Other cases of disease of the

cerebellum-Connection of the cerebellum with the generative function—

Development of the cerebellum in the lower animals-Paralysis from disease

or injury of the cerebellum,

359

CHAPTER XIV.

GANGLIA AT THE BASE OF THE ENCEPHALON.

Corpora striata-Optic thalami-Tubercula quadrigemina, or optic lobes-Gan-

glion of the tuber annulare-Medulla oblongata-Physiological anatomy of

the medulla oblongata-Functions of the medulla oblongata-Connection

of the medulla oblongata with respiration-Vital point-Connection of the

medulla oblongata with various reflex acts-Rolling and turning movements

following injury of certain parts of the encephalon-General properties of

the peduncles, .

393

CHAPTER XV.

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

General arrangement of the sympathetic system-Peculiarities in the intimate

structure of the sympathetic ganglia and nerves-General properties of the

sympathetic ganglia and nerves-Functions of the sympathetic system—

Vaso-motor nerves-

s-Reflex phenomena operating through the sympathetic

system-Trophic centres and nerves, so called,

416

CHAPTER XVI.

SLEEP.

General considerations-Condition of the organism during sleep-Dreams-Re
flex mental phenomena during sleep-Condition of the brain and nervous
system during sleep-Theories of sleep-Anesthesia and sleep produced
by pressure upon the carotid arteries-Differences between natural sleep,
and stupor and coma-Regeneration of the brain-substance during sleep-
Theory that sleep is due to a want of oxygen-Condition of the various
functions of the organism during sleep,
Page 446

PHYSIOLOGY OF MAN.

CHAPTER I.

PHYSIOLOGICAL DIVISIONS AND STRUCTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

General considerations-Divisions of the nervous system-Physiological anatomy of the nervous tissue-Anatomical divisions of the nervous tissue-Medul lated nerve-fibres-Simple, or non-medullated nerve-fibres - Gelatinous nerve-fibres (fibres of Remak)-Accessory anatomical elements of the nerves-Branching and course of the nerves-Termination of the nerves in the muscular tissue-Termination of the nerves in glands-Terminations of the sensory nerves-Corpuscles of Pacini, or of Vater-Tactile corpuscles-Terminal bulbs-Structure of the nerve-centres-Nerve-cells-Connection of the cells with the fibres and with each other-Accessory anatomical elements of the nerve-centres-Composition of the nervous substanceRegeneration of the nervous tissue-Reunion of nerve-fibres.

THE nervous system is anatomically distinct in all animals, except those lowest in the scale of being. It is useless to speculate upon the question of the existence of matter endowed with properties analogous to those observed in the nervous system of the higher animals, in beings so low in their organization as to present no divisions into anatomical elements; for the present condition of physiological science does not admit of the recognition of functions without organs. All animals that present any thing like nervous functions present also an anatomically distinct nervous system. Within certain limits, the perfection of the animal organization depends upon the general development of the nervous system. High in the animal scale, as in the warm-blooded ani