be relaxed, and that the clergy might officiate without peril of imprisonment or banishment; and so far they were realized that the presbyterians were admonished to live at peace with those of the episcopal clergy who, having qualified, still retained their benefices; while the promise of protection was given to the non-jurors who lived in peace with those who had qualified. Encouraged by the proclamation of general indemnity she ordered to be published, many of the laity, known to be staunch anti-revolutionists, took the oath of allegiance to the queen, and obtained seats in parliament; while numbers of the clergy prayed for her by name, began to collect congregations, and to have worship in separate chapels. This was done even by those who did not pray for her as queen, among whom were all the bishops. The episcopalians enjoyed with thankfulness the connivance which the royal counteuance had secured to them. About this period the use of the English book of common prayer began to be general in Scotland, great numbers of which were sent gratis. Previous to this, there was no regular liturgical service. The worship was, in fact, except in in a few particulars, the same as the presbyterian. Some ministers drew up a form for their individua] congregations. Some used portions of the English book of common prayer. A form was drawn up for the use of the cathedral of Aberdeen, which is good, so far as it goes, but is wholly unworthy the name of a liturgy. There are hundreds of thousands in Scotlan, there are many episcopalians and presbyterians not aware of this fact: episcopacy and liturgy are, with them, almost synonymous terms, and the grand distinction is supposed to pray with or without book, wearing the surplice and wearing a cloak; though the surplice is not always adopted in the episcopal church. One of the many obstacles created to the union of the two kingdoms arose from the suspicion of the dominant party in Scotland that such a measure would endanger the presbyterian church. To remove these, an order was sent, most unexpectedly, from court at once to shut up all the episcopal chapels. The union having taken place, and the presbyterians being satisfied, an act was passed, A. D. 1712, to prevent the disturbance of episcopal congregations; and declaring it to be lawful for the episcopal ministers to officiate, except in parish churches. On the death of queen Anne, A. D. 1714, the laws were again enacted to be put in full force; and, after the unsuccessful attempts to reinstate the Stuart dynasty, namely, in the beginning of 1719, an act of parliament was passed declaring that those ministers who had qualified should be imprisoned for six months; during which the meeting-house was to be shut up, and every house in which nine or more persons besides the family were present should be regarded as a meeting-house. Tuis act, however, was not put into full force. "Under the toleration of the act of Anne," says the late bishop Walker, "the episcopal congregations became numerous and respectable. In most places in the north, and in many in the south, the magisrates went to the episcopal chapel in their robes of office. Even then, north the Tay, the large majority of the people were episcopalians. The accession of the house of Hanover, and the attempt to restore the exiled family, exposed them again to suspicion and persecution. Notwithstanding, about the year 1740, the episcopal clergy still amounted to between two and three hundred, and their congregations were numerous and respectable; the clergy being generally men who would have adorned any church, as well by their learning as by their piety" (sermon before the Gaelic Episcopal Society). In many places, during the earlier portion of the period from the accession of William and Mary to the attempts of Charles Edward to regain the throne of his ancestors, the episcopalians had a firm footing; and the ministers continued to officiate in spite of kirk-sessions and presbyteries. Thus, at Brechin, we are informed, "The church being a collegiate charge, supplied by two ministers, the bishop in times of episcopacy did supply the vice and room of one of them two, either by himself or his chaplain; and he that was called the second minister, ordinarily preached the afternoon's diet." Episcopacy being abolished A. D. 1689, bishop Drummond was laid aside, and his charge became vacant. Mr. Lawrence Skinner, the episcopal incumbent, then officiated at both services, and dying A. D. 1691, Mr. John Skinner, his son, who had assisted him, officiated the whole day, until 1695, when a presbyterian minister officiated at the forenoon service; Mr. Skinner officiating in the afternoon, until 1697. In 1703, Mr. Skinner again got possession of the pulpit; but was reinoved. In 1715, he again resumed it, but was suspended. There can be no question that he acted in a vexatious manner; still, the circumstance casts light on the features of the times. At this time Mr. Willison, a name much and justly revered in Scotland, had been appointed minister of Brechin: so strong, however, were the prejudices of the people in favour of episcopacy, that, when he was about to remove to Dundee, he could not find a carter to convey his luggage. The wretchedly unsettled state of matters ecclesiastical, as far as Brechin was concerned, may be drawn from the fact that from A. D. 1714 the sacrament of the Lord's supper was not administered for many years. In Messrs. Anderson's "Guide to the Highlands" is the following statement: "Fer-na-Comaraich,'” the 'laird of the sanctuary, or of the land of safety,' is the proprietor's patronymic; and the modern name, Applecross, is founded on a tradition, that every apple in the monk's garden was marked with the sign of the cross. But three churches have been erected here since the Reformation: the remains of the oldest are now used as the laird's cemetery; the next, which was the first presbyterian church, is used as a hay barn; and the third, the subsisting one, is much too large for the congregation, especially since the erection of the government church at Sheildaig. The present venerable incumbent is only the fourth presbyterian minister of the parish; and so obstinately attached were the rude people to their ancient episcopal faith, that, in March 1725, the presbytery of Gairloch (now Loch Carron) held a meeting at Kilmorack, near Beauly, because, in the There are certain localities, at the present time, where episcopacy still has a strong hold-in the county of Aberdeen, for instance; and certain places where it has been, and still is, viewed with extreme repugnance, as was, with the exception of Edinburgh perhaps, the case to the south of the Tay; especially in the most southern districts, where there is still a great stress laid upon the importance of covenanting principles; especially by the descendants of those who met to worship, as the episcopalians did after them, in some secret and lonely district, both alarmed by the government orders of the several times. The Cabinet. HUMILITY*.-By what means is humility produced and nourished in the heart of the believer? Chiefly by the knowledge of God and of himself. Every Christian takes some pains to obtain selfknowledge, and frequently asks, "What am I? what is my origin, my state, and my end?" He tries to form a right estimate of himself, and saith, "From the dust I came, and to the dust must I soon return, to be the food for worms. While I live, I am entirely dependant upon God for life and breath and all things; and, when he takes away my breath, I die. I am not only frail, but sinful: my very heart and nature are corrupted, and deserve eternal death; and it is of God's mercy that I am not consumed." Such humbling views of one's self lay him low in self-abasement. Yet nothing makes the soul so truly humble as beholding the Lamb of God taking away the sin of the melts the heart, and subdues its pride. In looking at world. Every believing view of a crucified Saviour Jesus, the believer cries, "What am I, O Lord God, that thou shouldest redeem my soul from death with such a sacrifice? Will Jesus come down from heaven, and humble himself unto death, even the death of the Christ, and of ourselves, that are well calculated to bring down our lofty looks, and to make us cry aloud, "God be merciful to me a sinner." It is earnestly to be hoped that mutual prejudices cross, and there cry to my soul, 'Come and learn of ine, for I am meek and lowly of heart? Can I, a are vanishing away; that, though they may differ in sinful worm of earth, have all this before me, and yet matters of ecclesiastical polity, presbyterian and epis-be proud?" There are a thousand affecting views of copalian may cultivate the most kindly feelings; that all rancour and hatred and malice may for ever be removed. Whether the cause of episcopacy is gaining ground in Scotland or not, it is really difficult to say. It is true new places of worship have been erected within the last thirty years, and the ministers of that communion have consequently been increased, as might of course have been expected from the increase of population; but, whether it is really taking root in the affections of the people, is a point on which the writer presumes not to decide. In giving an account of the facts connected with episcopacy and presbytery in Scotland, it is usual to present appalling statements of acts of wanton cruelty; to advert to thumb-screws) and daggers and pillories and bullets. There really does not appear any advantage in adverting to such subjects. Why dwell upon the enormities of headstrong men. Cruelties, unquestionably, were perpetrated on both sides; to be answered for on that great day, when a strict and solemn account must be rendered for the deeds done in the body. Thankful for present mercies, we need not revert with acrimony to the past. It had been well for some of those who have written on these perilous times, whatever side of the question they may have advocated, had they prayed that they might have been enabled to enter on their task; laying aside all malice, and all guile and hypocrisies and envies, and all evil speaking. Whatever the effect this might have had on the convincing of others, it would at least have testified that God had given to them the spirit of a sound mind." Poetry. ADDRESSED TO ONE WHO WISHED TO Dartford. London: Published for the Proprietors, by EDWARDS and HUGHES, 12, Ave-Maria Lane, St. Paul's; J. BURNS, 17, Portman Street; and to be procured. by order, of all Booksellers in Town and Country. PRINTED BY JOSEPH ROGERSON 24, NORFOLK STREET, STRAND, LONDON. SKETCHES FROM NATURAL HISTORY. (Felis Tigris.) THE tiger is exclusively Asiatic: Hindostan and the eastern islands may be regarded as its head quarters. The ancients looked upon Hyrcania and India as its native countries. It is frequently adverted to by them. Augustus was the first who exhibited a tame tiger at Rome. The tiger is in size about equal to the lion; but it is more dreaded, because more insidious. The fur is of a reddish yellow, ornamented by black stripes. The under parts of the body and inner parts of the legs are chiefly white. Hunting the tiger, in India, is a common but dangerous sport. It is, however, of great service; VOL. XVIII. and, as the dominion of Europeans has extended, tigers have rapidly diminished. The East India company formerly offered a considerable sum for every tiger killed within their provinces; and a German, of the name of Paul, is said to have killed five in one day. They are hunted on elephants, as horses can seldom be brought to face them; and elephants are much alarmed, holding up their trunks in the air when they approach one. The hunters shoot from the backs of the elephants. The tiger generally attempts to conceal itself, and escape unseen; but, if wounded and roused from its lair, he meets his enemies with great courage. Tigers take immense leaps, and come often with such amazing force on their enemies, as even to bring an elephant with its riders to the ground. The elephant is generally able to shake off the enemy under his feet; when the tiger is crushed, or receives a kick which breaks X half his ribs. It is said also to be hunted in China. Captain Hamilton states that in the Sundah Rajah's dominions there are three sorts of tigers in the woods, and that the smallest are the fiercest. This, not above two feet high, is extremely cunning, and delights in human flesh. The second kind is about three feet high, and hunts deer and wild hogs. The largest is above three feet and a half high, but, though more powerful, is not so rapacious as either of the former. This formidable animal, which is called the "Royal Tiger," does not seem so ravenous nor so dangerous, and is sometimes even cowardly. A peasant in that country, as this traveller informs us, had a buffalo fallen into a quagmire; and, while he went for assistance, there came a large tiger, that with its single strength drew forth the animal, which the united force of many men could not effect. When the people returned to the place, the first object they beheld was the tiger, who had thrown the buffalo over its shoulder, as a fox does a goose, and was carrying it away, with the feet upward, towards its den. However, as soon as it saw the men, it let fall its prey, and instantly fled to the woods; but it had previously killed the buffalo, and sucked its blood; and, no doubt, the people were very well satisfied with its retreat. It may be observed, that some East Indian buffaloes weigh above a thousand pounds, which is twice as heavy as the ordinary run of our black cattle; so that from hence we may form a conception of the enormous strength of this rapacious animal, that could thus run off with a weight at least twice as great as that of itself. rattans, or led to ascend a plank nearly balanced, which, turning when it has passed the centre, lets it fall upon sharp stakes below. The tigers of Sumatra are very large and strong. They are said to break the leg of a horse or buffalo with a stroke of the fore-paw; and the largest prey they kill is, without difficulty, dragged into the woods. This they usually perform on the second night, being supposed on the first to suck the blood only. Time is by this delay afforded to prepare for their destruction; and to the methods already enumerated, besides shooting them, may be added that of placing a vessel of water, in which arsenic has been mixed, near the carcass, which is fastened to a tree. The animal satiated with the flesh goes to drink, and perishes. "One Sir S. Raffles adverts to the superstitious fears of the Sumatrans in regard to the tiger. of the villagers, in the vicinity of Bencoolen," says he, " told me that his father and grandfather were carried off by tigers; and there is scarcely a family that has not lost some of its members by them. In many parts the people would seem to have resigned the empire to these animals, taking but few precautions against them, and regarding them as sacred: they believe in transmigration, and call them their nene, or grandfather. On the banks of one of the rivers of this coast, upwards of a hundred people were carried off by tigers during the last year. When a tiger enters a village, the foolish people frequently prepare rice and fruits; and, placing them at the entrance, as an offering to the animal, conceive that, by giving him this hospitable reception, he will be pleased with their attention, and pass on without doing them harm." Lady Raffles also says, "The Coolies, in passing through a forest, came upon a tiger crouched upon the path. They immediately stopped and addressed him in terms of supplication, assuring him they were poor people, carrying the tuan basar, or great man's luggage, who would be very angry with them if they did not arrive in time; and, therefore, they implored permission to Were this animal as common as the panther, or even as the lion himself, thus furnished as it is with the power to destroy and the appetite for slaughter, the country would be uninhabitable where it resides. But, luckily, the species is extremely scarce, and has been so since the earliest accounts we have had of the tiger. About the times of Augustus, we are assured by Pliny, that when panthers were brought to Rome by bundreds, a single tiger was considered as an extra-pass quietly and without molestation. The tiger, ordinary sight; and he tells us, that the emperor Claudius was able to procure four only, which shows with how much difficulty they were procured. The great fierceness of this animal may be, in some measure, the cause of the scarcity which was then at Rome, since it was the opinion of Varro that the tiger was never taken alive. To the inhabitants of Sumatra, both in their journeys and their domestic occupations, the tigers prove rapacious and fatal enemies. The number of people usually slain by them is almost incredible, whole villages being sometimes depopulated. Yet, from a superstitious prejudice, it is with difficulty they are prevailed on, by a large reward which the India company offers, to use methods of destroying them, till they have sustained some injury in their own family or kindred; and their ideas of fatalism contribute to render them insensible to the risk. Their traps, of which they can make a variety, are ingenious. Sometimes they are like strong cages, with falling doors, into which the beast is enticed by a goat or dog enclosed sometimes they contrive that a large beam shall fall in a groove across the tiger's back: at other times it is noosed about the loins with strong : being startled at their appearance, got up and walked quietly into the depths of the forest; and they came on, perfectly satisfied that it was in consequence of their petition that they passed in safety." How strikingly in such conduct is manifested the degrading character of idolatry. "LEAD US NOT INTO TEMPTATION +." MARY's health, which was never good, had been much injured by suffering; and, though no complaint escaped her lips, yet her pale cheeks and wasted form showed most plainly to myself, and to all who knew her, that her days were indeed numbered. But it was not the will of God that she should sink quietly into her grave without one other most painful trial, in some respects far worse than any she had before endured. Her brother, who had long caused her constant uneasiness, became every day more confirmed in his habits of vice. His mornings were spent in idleness, and his afternoons and evenings at the ale-house, with the worst characters in the village. Occasionally, See cut on previous page. + From "Stories on the Lord's Prayer." 1843. indeed, when his extravagance had nearly brought him to starvation, he would seem to amend for a short time, and work industriously; but no sooner had he acquired a small sum than his good resolutions vanished, and he became as dissipated as before. I had tried to employ him in my own garden; but it was of no use: he disliked having any one constantly at hand to watch him, and very soon left my service; and all that remained for me to do was to pray for him in private, and warn him often of the danger of his course. Mary's happiest hours were saddened by the thought of her brother's sin; but, with a naturally hopeful temper, she could not persuade herself, when she saw any improvement, that it would not be lasting, and several times asked me whether I did not really think he was reformed, when I could see clearly that the alteration was only for a time, till he could get sufficient money to assist him in continuing his evil life. It was during one of these seasons of amendment, when I was paying a visit to Mary's cottage, and listening with a mixed feeling of pleasure and pain to her hopes of his having become at last a different character, that we heard a loud and rather rough knock at the door, and in an instant Charles entered the room. He was looking flushed and eager, and seemed not to notice my presence; for he immediately exclaimed, "Well, Mary, can I get any thing for you at the fair? I am going there presently with John Browne; and we shall be back again to night; so there will be no breaking my promise to you." Mary looked very grave, and shook her head. "No breaking it in the letter, Charles, I grant you; but certainly it is breaking it in the spirit, as the clergyman will tell you, I am sure." "What is the promise?" I said; and at the sound of my voice the young man started, and, looking half ashamed, begged my pardon for not having noticed me before. "It is a promise he made to me, sir," replied Mary, now a week ago, that for the next fortnight he would not stay away from his home or go to the ale-house with his bad companions, but would try and attend to his work and amend his ways." And have I not kept it?" asked Charles, rather angrily: "I have worked like a drayhorse from morning till night; and not one single drop of spirits have I had within my lips since last Tuesday; and I can hardly tell what you would want more." "Nothing," answered Mary, mildly, "but that you should continue." "And so I shall. I have finished my work for to-day, and I shall be back again for to-morrow; so that there can be nothing to prevent my taking a little harmless pleasure." "But your companions?" asked Mary : made me a promise about them." you "So I did," answered Charles; " and I shall keep it. I am not going with Spence, or Taylor, or any of the bad ones: I am going with John Browne, as quiet a lad as any in the village." "Poor fellow !" said Mary: "he has caused his parents many anxious hours, for he is sadly idle, though not wicked like the others; and indeed, Charles, I cannot think his company will do you any good." "It will not do me any harm," answered Charles; " and so I shall go. But don't look so sorrowful, Mary," he added, seeming touched with the expression of grief in her countenance: " I shall not go to the ale-house, and you will see me again to-night; and then you will laugh at yourself for having been so foolish." "I wish I could think I was foolish," said Mary, sighing; "but indeed, Charles, you are wilfully going into temptation; and in such a case you cannot hope that God will be with you. You promised me you would repeat the Lord's prayer every day." And so I have," he exclaimed, evidently wishing to make every possible excuse for himself. "But it is not enough to repeat it," she replied: "you must think about it too; and that you cannot have done, for now you are going directly against the prayer, Lead us not into temptation.' But will you speak to him, sir?" she continued, turning suddenly to me; for I have talked to him in this way hundreds of times, and now I am quite heart-sick;" and she leaned her head upon the table, and covered her face with her hands. 6 I had not spoken before, being willing that Mary should try all her powers of persuasion before I interfered with the authority of a clergyman; but, finding that her efforts had failed, I thought it time quietly but earnestly to warn him of his danger. "Your sister was quite right, Charles," I said, "in telling you that you are going to act directly against the prayer which you own you repeated this morning. In that prayer you asked God not to lead you into temptation, that is, not to place you without your will in any situation where the temptation to do wrong would be too strong for you to overcome; and he, who in his holy word expressly promises that he will not suffer us to be tempted above that we are able to bear' (1 Cor. x. 13), will assuredly keep this promise. If you really desire, Charles, to become a different person from what you have been hitherto, and will pray to God to assist you with his grace, you will be kept from temptation; you will find new companions and new pleasures, or rather, they will be given to you; and your inclination for your former evil life will gradually die away. But ask yourself at this moment, can you pray to God not to lead you into temptation whilst you still resolve to go to the fair? The very thought of it is a temptation; but it is one which God will enable you to overcome, if you desire it, because it is not of your own seeking: it comes in the ordinary course of his providence, and is sent as a trial of your sincerity. But the temptations you are going into are quite different ; you will place yourself in them wilfully, and you cannot ask that God will give you strength to avoid them; and, if left to yourself, you must fall. No human resolution, however strong, can stand without his assistance." "But, sir," interrupted Charles, rather in a sullen tone, "I know several in the village who are going to the fair, who are always thought quite steady ;" and he named several of the most respectable young men in the parish. Yes," ," I replied, "that may be; but I am sure you will find that they are all going upon business; and what is a temptation to you is no |